Linux上文件/目录的最大数量? [英] Maximum number of files/directories on Linux?
问题描述
我正在开发一个LAMP在线商店，这将允许管理员为每个项目上传多个图像.
I'm developing a LAMP online store, which will allow admins to upload multiple images for each item.
我担心的是-马上就会有2万个项目，大约意味着6万张图片.
My concern is - right off the bat there will be 20000 items meaning roughly 60000 images.
问题:
-
Linux上文件和/或目录的最大数量是多少?
What is the maximum number of files and/or directories on Linux?
处理这种情况的常用方法是什么(最佳实践)?
What is the usual way of handling this situation (best practice)?
我的想法是根据每个项目的唯一ID为每个项目创建一个目录，但是我在主 uploads 目录中仍然有20000个目录，并且它将随着旧项目的增长而无限期增长将不会被删除.
My idea was to make a directory for each item, based on its unique ID, but then I'd still have 20000 directories in a main uploads directory, and it will grow indefinitely as old items won't be removed.
感谢您的帮助.
推荐答案
ext [234]文件系统具有固定的最大i节点数；每个文件或目录都需要一个索引节点.您可以使用df -i查看当前计数和限制.例如，在使用默认设置创建的15GB ext3文件系统上:
ext[234] filesystems have a fixed maximum number of inodes; every file or directory requires one inode. You can see the current count and limits with df -i. For example, on a 15GB ext3 filesystem, created with the default settings:
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/xvda 1933312 134815 1798497 7% /
除此以外，目录没有特别限制；请记住，尽管每个文件或目录都至少需要一个文件系统块(通常为4KB)，即使它是一个只有单个项目的目录.
There's no limit on directories in particular beyond this; keep in mind that every file or directory requires at least one filesystem block (typically 4KB), though, even if it's a directory with only a single item in it.
但是，如您所见，80,000个inode不太可能成为问题.而且，使用dir_index选项(可在tune2fs中启用)，在大型目录中的查找并不是一件大事.但是，请注意，许多管理工具(例如ls或rm)可能很难处理其中包含过多文件的目录.因此，建议对文件进行拆分，以使给定目录中的项目数不超过几百到一千.一种简单的方法是对您正在使用的ID进行哈希处理，并将前几个十六进制数字用作中间目录.
As you can see, though, 80,000 inodes is unlikely to be a problem. And with the dir_index option (enablable with tune2fs), lookups in large directories aren't too much of a big deal. However, note that many administrative tools (such as ls or rm) can have a hard time dealing with directories with too many files in them. As such, it's recommended to split your files up so that you don't have more than a few hundred to a thousand items in any given directory. An easy way to do this is to hash whatever ID you're using, and use the first few hex digits as intermediate directories.
例如，假设您的ID为12345，并且哈希为'DEADBEEF02842.......'.您可以将文件存储在/storage/root/d/e/12345下.现在，您已将每个目录中的文件数减少了1/256.
For example, say you have item ID 12345, and it hashes to 'DEADBEEF02842.......'. You might store your files under /storage/root/d/e/12345. You've now cut the number of files in each directory by 1/256th.
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