如何发送“多部分/表单数据"?与Python中的请求? [英] How to send a "multipart/form-data" with requests in python?

问题描述

如何在python中发送带有请求的multipart/form-data?我了解如何发送文件，但是通过这种方法如何发送表单数据尚不清楚.

How to send a multipart/form-data with requests in python? How to send a file, I understand, but how to send the form data by this method can not understand.

推荐答案

基本上，如果指定files参数(字典)，则requests将发送multipart/form-data POST而不是application/x-www-form-urlencoded POST .您不仅限于在该词典中使用实际文件，而且:

Basically, if you specify a files parameter (a dictionary), then requests will send a multipart/form-data POST instead of a application/x-www-form-urlencoded POST. You are not limited to using actual files in that dictionary, however:

>>> import requests
>>> response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=dict(foo='bar'))
>>> response.status_code
200

和httpbin.org可以让您知道您发布了哪些标题；在response.json()中，我们有:

and httpbin.org lets you know what headers you posted with; in response.json() we have:

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(response.json()['headers'])
{'Accept': '*/*',
 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
 'Connection': 'close',
 'Content-Length': '141',
 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; '
                 'boundary=c7cbfdd911b4e720f1dd8f479c50bc7f',
 'Host': 'httpbin.org',
 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.21.0'}

更好的是，您可以通过使用元组而不是单个字符串或字节对象来进一步控制每个部分的文件名，内容类型和其他标题.该元组预计将包含2到4个元素；文件名，内容，内容类型(可选)以及其他标头的可选字典.

Better still, you can further control the filename, content type and additional headers for each part by using a tuple instead of a single string or bytes object. The tuple is expected to contain between 2 and 4 elements; the filename, the content, optionally a content type, and an optional dictionary of further headers.

我将使用以None作为文件名的元组形式，以便从那些部分的请求中删除filename="..."参数:

I'd use the tuple form with None as the filename, so that the filename="..." parameter is dropped from the request for those parts:

>>> files = {'foo': 'bar'}
>>> print(requests.Request('POST', 'http://httpbin.org/post', files=files).prepare().body.decode('utf8'))
--bb3f05a247b43eede27a124ef8b968c5
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"; filename="foo"

bar
--bb3f05a247b43eede27a124ef8b968c5--
>>> files = {'foo': (None, 'bar')}
>>> print(requests.Request('POST', 'http://httpbin.org/post', files=files).prepare().body.decode('utf8'))
--d5ca8c90a869c5ae31f70fa3ddb23c76
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"

bar
--d5ca8c90a869c5ae31f70fa3ddb23c76--

如果需要排序和/或具有相同名称的多个字段，

files也可以是二值元组的列表:

files can also be a list of two-value tuples, if you need ordering and/or multiple fields with the same name:

requests.post(
    'http://requestb.in/xucj9exu',
    files=(
        ('foo', (None, 'bar')),
        ('foo', (None, 'baz')),
        ('spam', (None, 'eggs')),
    )
)

如果同时指定了files和data，则取决于data的值，将用于创建POST正文.如果data是字符串，则将仅使用它；否则，将不使用它.否则，将同时使用data和files，并首先列出data中的元素.

If you specify both files and data, then it depends on the value of data what will be used to create the POST body. If data is a string, only it willl be used; otherwise both data and files are used, with the elements in data listed first.

还有一个出色的requests-toolbelt项目，其中包括高级的多部分支持.它采用与files参数相同的格式的字段定义，但是与requests不同，它默认不设置文件名参数.此外，它可以从打开的文件对象流式传输请求，其中requests首先将在内存中构造请求主体:

There is also the excellent requests-toolbelt project, which includes advanced Multipart support. It takes field definitions in the same format as the files parameter, but unlike requests, it defaults to not setting a filename parameter. In addition, it can stream the request from open file objects, where requests will first construct the request body in memory:

from requests_toolbelt.multipart.encoder import MultipartEncoder

mp_encoder = MultipartEncoder(
    fields={
        'foo': 'bar',
        # plain file object, no filename or mime type produces a
        # Content-Disposition header with just the part name
        'spam': ('spam.txt', open('spam.txt', 'rb'), 'text/plain'),
    }
)
r = requests.post(
    'http://httpbin.org/post',
    data=mp_encoder,  # The MultipartEncoder is posted as data, don't use files=...!
    # The MultipartEncoder provides the content-type header with the boundary:
    headers={'Content-Type': mp_encoder.content_type}
)

字段遵循相同的约定；使用包含2到4个元素的元组来添加文件名，部分mime类型或额外的标头.与files参数不同，如果不使用元组，则不会尝试查找默认的filename值.

Fields follow the same conventions; use a tuple with between 2 and 4 elements to add a filename, part mime-type or extra headers. Unlike the files parameter, no attempt is made to find a default filename value if you don't use a tuple.

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