如何在分布不均的数据集中拟合平滑的磁滞? [英] How to fit a smooth hysteresis in a poorly distributed data set?

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问题描述

这是对的后续问题R中有一个平滑的磁滞?.虽然smooth.spline的直接应用很适合我的实际情况,但事实证明它是解决此类问题的有用的通用思路,并且在我的模拟玩具数据集上效果很好.

This is a follow up question to How can I fit a smooth hysteresis in R?. A straightforward application of smooth.spline fits my actual poorly, although it proved a useful generic idea for this type of problem and had worked well on my simulated toy dataset.

我在此处上传了一个数据集示例.

I uploaded an example of my dataset here.

下面的图像由末尾的代码创建.

Following image is created by the code at the end.

磁滞未完全闭合-但这不是问题. 应用smooth.spline会产生太混乱的输出(红色).在smooth.spline中使用参数spar,我可以得到足够平滑的近似值(蓝色),尽管它仅能很好地跟踪右上角数据点的曲线.

Thysteresis is not fully closed - but that's not an issue. Applying smooth.spline produces a way too messy output (red). Using argument spar in smooth.spline I was able to get a sufficiently smooth approximation (blue) - though it is only poorly following the curve of my data points on the upper right.

但是真正令我困扰的是左下角点周围的结"-即使对于平滑曲线(蓝色)也是如此.当它从左下角移到右上角时,它也具有人为的循环",尽管附近没有数据点.

However what really disturbs me is the "knot" around the points in the lower left - even for the smooth curve (blue) it is there. It also has an artificial "loop" when it moves from the lower left to the upper right, although there are not data points near there.

library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(tidyr)

exdata <- readRDS("data/example.Rdata")

exdata %<>% 
  mutate(y_smooth = smofun(y),
         x_smooth = smofun(x),
         y_smooth2 = smofun(y, spar = 0.7),
         x_smooth2= smofun(x, spar = 0.7)
         )

ggplot(exdata, mapping = aes(x=x, y=y)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.3) +
  geom_path(mapping = aes(x=x_smooth, y=y_smooth), colour = "red") +
  geom_path(mapping = aes(x=x_smooth2, y=y_smooth2), colour = "blue") +
  theme_light()

推荐答案

正如我在上一个线程中所说的:我如何适应R?中的平滑磁滞,我们想分别平滑每个坐标.

As I said in our previous thread: How can I fit a smooth hysteresis in R?, we want to smooth each coordinate separately.

## you have 713 data
plot(1:713, exdata$x); points(1:713, exdata$y)

通常,我将每个都使用smooth.spline.它在原始玩具数据集上效果很好,但在上面绘制的真实数据集上效果不佳.直接使用smooth.spline会使我们陷入尴尬的境地,如下所示: R smooth.spline():平滑样条线不平滑但过度拟合了我的数据.显然,您的数据中有两个变化点,并且您在不同段上需要不同程度的平滑度/自由度.在链接的案例研究中,我能够提出一个克服问题的转换方法,但是在这里,我对如何执行适当的转换方法一无所知.相反,我建议我们手动放置样条线的结,以便直接控制平滑度.

Usually I would use smooth.spline for each. It worked good on your original toy dataset, but not that good on your real dataset sketched above. Directly using smooth.spline will lead us to an awkward situation as here: R smooth.spline(): smoothing spline is not smooth but overfitting my data. Obviously there are two change points in your data, and you require different amount of smoothness / degree of freedom on different segments. In the linked case study I was able to come up with a transformation to overcome the problem, but here I don't have a clue on what suitable transform I could do. Instead, I suggest that we place knots of the spline manually in order to have a direct control on the smoothness.

smooth.spline不允许我们手动放置结.您可以告诉它想要多少个结(通过使用参数nknots),并且它在内部按分位数放置结.实际上,我们不必依赖smooth.spline.这只是一个回归问题.只要满足您的要求,我们就可以使用任何一种回归方法进行处理.在下文中,我将使用splines软件包提供的回归B样条曲线(R附带一个B样条曲线,因此无需安装),并使用普通最小二乘法(通过lm)拟合模型.

smooth.spline does not allow us to place knots manually. You can tell it how many knots you want (by using argument nknots) and it internally places knots by quantile. In fact, we don't have to rely on smooth.spline. This is just a regression problem. We can do it with any kind of regression method, as long as it satisfies you. In the following I use regression B-splines provided by splines package (one comes with R so no need to install) and fit a model using ordinary least squares (via lm).

library(splines)

test <- function (b1, b2, n1, n2, n3, degree = 1, exdata) {

  x <- exdata$x; y <- exdata$y; t <- 1:length(x)

  ## place knots:
  ## n1 knots on [1, b1)
  ## n2 knots on [b1, b2]
  ## n3 knots on (b3, 713]
  t1 <- seq(1, b1, length = n1 + 1)
  t2 <- seq(b1, b2, length = n2)
  t3 <- seq(b2, 713, length = n3 + 1)
  kt <- c(t1[1:n1], t2, t3[-1])

  kt_inner <- kt[2:(length(kt) - 1)]

  fitx <- lm( x ~ bs(t, degree = degree, knots = kt_inner) )
  fity <- lm( y ~ bs(t, degree = degree, knots = kt_inner) )

  xh <- fitted(fitx); yh <- fitted(fity)

  par(mfrow = c(1, 2))

  plot(t, x, col = 8); points(t, y, col = 8)
  abline(v = kt, lty = 2, col = 8)
  lines(t, xh, lwd = 2); lines(t, yh, lwd = 2)

  plot(x, y, col = 8)
  lines(xh, yh, lwd = 2)

  z <- list(x = xh, y = yh)
  }

测试功能允许您指定两个断点b1b2.然后,在[1, b1)上要n1结,在[b1, b2]上要n2结,在(b3, 713]上要n3结.设置degree允许我们尝试线性样条,二次样条和三次样条.测试函数将生成拟合的样条曲线,并以不可见的方式返回平滑的xy值.

The test function allows you to specify two break points b1, b2. Then, on [1, b1) you want n1 knots, on [b1, b2] you want n2 knots, and on (b3, 713] you want n3 knots. Setting degree allows us to try linear spline, quadratic spline and cubic spline. The test function would produce fitted splines, and return invisiblely the smoothed x, y values.

经过几次尝试,我发现以下可能是最好的:

Upon a few try, I found the following is probably the best:

z <- test(b1 = 90, b2 = 130, n1 = 4, n2 = 5, n3 = 10, degree = 3, exdata)

在此不施加任何处罚.但是,通过使用mgcv::gam代替lm + splines::bs,可以进行惩罚性回归.包mgcv允许我们指定结(请参阅: mgcv:如何设置花键的结数和/或位置 ).

No penalization is imposed here. But penalized regression is possible, by using mgcv::gam in place of lm + splines::bs. Package mgcv allows us to specify knots (see: mgcv: How to set number and / or locations of knots for splines).

如果我们不想打扰指定结,可以在mgcv中使用自适应样条"平滑器,它允许平滑参数在本地变化(它实际上产生了一组平滑参数).这确实克服了smooth.spline中的限制,在该限制中,您只有一个平滑参数来控制全局惩罚.

If we don't want to bother specifying knots, we may use "adaptive spline" smoother in mgcv, which allows smoothing parameter to vary locally (it essentially produces a set of smoothing parameters). This really overcomes the limit in smooth.spline where you only have a single smooth parameter that controls global penalization.

请注意,在样条方法中,选择断点隐藏在结的选择中,因为断点在结组中.

Note that in spline approach, choosing break points is hidden in the choice of knots, as break points are among the set of knots.

也没有基于样条的方法.包segmented通过自动选择更改/断点来进行分段线性回归(但是您必须使用参数psi提前告诉它有多少个断点).

There are also none spline based methods. Package segmented does piece-wise linear regression by automatically choosing change / break points (but you have to tell it ahead how many break points there are by using argument psi).

有足够的空间可以比较和讨论不同的方法.作为将来可能进行重新调查的备份,我在此处附加了您的数据集(以防Dropbox链接中断).

There is plenty of room for comparison and discussion of different methods. As a backup for possible future re-investigation, I attached your dataset here (in case the dropbox link breaks).

exdata<- 结构(list(x = c(129.5695,131.7681,111.0764,104.072,117.4685, 124.6366、123.3217、127.4646、128.0695、110.6105、105.3012、98.3239, 94.7057、103.349、101.5618、97.0452、99.2581、96.869、87.8457, 89.5727、101.3341、103.7006、100.9025、101.2322、107.0066、99.4793, 101.446、110.8227、115.8369、113.8645、119.1815、115.382、106.6097, 100.0037、99.4583、93.7219、93.5242、94.6776、98.66、92.5156, 99.0487、99.2332、97.9979、98.5008、99.4881、96.2035、99.3862, 108.1677、107.2952、107.5039、109.8523、107.0338、98.331、106.3463, 105.3598、100.5509、108.4587、111.785、102.911、104.0221、103.0966, 96.0376、95.0978、92.9253、94.8009、96.7117、101.732、107.1491, 107.0559、107.6543、108.8192、101.6353、94.3223、94.3889、93.4375, 99.0691、101.1942、102.7105、105.8936、104.8027、93.6381、99.6715, 98.8952、100.2534、104.2578、105.9263、106.0875、118.8101、121.278, 117.5301、121.667、428.0926、731.1513、775.6144、795.4499、817.3595, 535.1731、276.7803、330.6044、439.8171、541.2278、648.0471、794.4545, 865.3579、909.2367、978.2347、1067.6434、1088.8355、1153.1032, 1230.6436、1262.7867、1284.1465、129.3056、1282.8526、1277.1739, 1301.0525、1300.5524、1319.1291、1332.0036、1339.5618、1342.3142, 1351.3678、1355.4577、1364.5274、1386.3259、1388.0149、1393.6825, 1407.7905、1410.5657、1389.9132、1386.5312、1376.0732、1371.785, 1375.1907、1387.2856、1386.5125、1387.6686、1379.9445、1378.8248, 1363.9721、1367.6901、1361.4242、1355.2429、1347.776、1348.4306, 1346.6911、1352.2614、1347.0287、1349.8785、1349.8588、1342.58, 1335.5、1343.194、1331.6572、1323.6614、1314.4852、1322.7351, 1320.4661、1329.9164、1326.9096、1336.5571、1333.9171、1330.2649, 1325.3137、1337.4239、1333.6401、1326.0902、1320.4635、1309.8197, 1293.1904、1292.3817、1281.3893、1285.0823、1292.0862、1294.0099, 1286.4846、1297.9813、1289.5944、1286.8668、1282.2538、1275.3989, 1273.0393、1275.9338、1272.8439、1270.2929、1263.9435、1253.0364, 1247.754、1250.2937、1259.3518、1273.8355、1286.20.25、1293.7979, 1286.6026、1290.3399、1285.4735、1273.8435、1261.1018、1264.7923, 1250.2116、1245.0338、1247.965、1253.4547、1248.2883、1250.0202, 1251.6438、1260.2338、1255.7682、1252.6586、1245.6251、1238.62, 1226.5238、1233.5413、1241.1029、1246.857、1255.0828、1257.7526, 1254.8524、1257.7671、1263.4184、1261.9403、1260.0229、1258.0052, 1246.7327、1249.2547、1249.9542、1246.4968、1242.6747、1232.7555, 1232.7507、1240.5921、1235.1443、1230.6716、1254.277、1244.1764, 1236.4669、1253.6932、1263.0974、1248.3615、1255.2735、1257.1036, 1251.1783、1247.3818、1249.0185、1238.181、1232.3126、1224.0232, 1224.9371、1222.0632、1224.4354、1222.4038、1226.4081、1215.139, 1215.3999、1207.859、1207.6245、1204.4897、1212.6945、1206.7439, 1211.7789、1211.6164、1221.6207、1226.8173、1224.421、1223.8749, 1217.5781、1204.7366、1192.8738、1190.671、1195.3558、1198.7697, 1196.0119、1191.8406、1181.6458、1184.4447、1180.3189、1187.6651, 1189.3141、1204.3338、1203.0549、1204.9328、1204.4187、1205.1438, 1193.5248、1189.1359、1185.1723、1172.775、1170.4184、1175.5543, 1176.8246、1167.7341、1163.6372、1161.8829、1147.2916、1131.1096, 1128.5597、1131.7037、1126.5585、1128.371、1141.5219、1149.2273, 1136.943、1143.498、1148.9494、1147.0205、1151.1578、1165.1582, 1157.0784、1155.4953、1149.6255、1142.4007、1128.9415、1129.4853, 1129.0765、1128.6933、1123.9743、1133.2886、1131.7012、1134.0293, 1136.5361、1136.5032、1138.8941、1144.9796、1146.6936、1141.7335, 1146.273、1139.3171、1144.56、1142.9864、1144.5049、1147.8466, 1152.4488、1136.4797、1134.9687、1132.3612、1131.8932、1129.8746, 1135.4942、1137.3314、1135.515、1123.3012、1123.8599、1127.5974, 1121.888、1121.8971、1122.7738、1121.3582、1101.4597、1101.6568, 1106.9945、1111.0663、1109.69、1123.6524、1117.9505、1113.164, 1109.8204、1112.7482、1105.8838、1104.077、1101.0453、1102.3828, 1102.1349、1106.6481、1114.2183、1117.4973、1115.0706、1105.0425, 1098.5148、1095.9327、1091.0444、1094.8351、1097.9752、1102.8526, 1098.7115、1104.0875、1100.6438、1102.7315、1111.7237、1107.8745, 1101.8913、1104.0708、1105.5634、1094.34、1099.8789、1101.8951, 1093.274、1082.6922、1088.4664、1088.8069、1081.3171、1082.6755, 1081.0162、1074.4439、1072.8442、1082.235、1090.5553、1100.5808, 1095.3863、1098.7245、1097.1755、1092.7324、1088.4808、1088.091, 1082.7414、1084.135、1087.6769、1080.6349、1079.5889、1073.2832, 1072.3528、1063.9176、1074.6075、1068.1074、1071.7748、1073.2347, 1081.5981、1071.6388、1072.2588、1064.7244、1055.2577、1044.7628, 1040.6255、1047.1508、1051.5531、1050.5133、1063.7744、1070.2546, 1073.7324、1075.9214、1068.8083、1048.8522、1045.7506、1042.0503, 1040.4452、1051.2625、1064.2338、1067.7722、1059.7189、1065.0454, 1062.3471、1059.7083、1055.7133、1057.4425、1057.8175、1052.1135, 1059.3531、1061.0893、1071.2829、1074.8224、1080.928、1068.002, 1066.4527、1065.7902、1055.8918、1061.0655、1067.4548、1072.0761, 1067.5546、1065.4401、1059.5175、1059.5695、1059.5596、1060.4584, 1071.509、1070.4365、1071.788、1066.6481、1068.2753、1071.1143, 1066.4912、1062.6628、1063.6433、1069.571、1056.8887、1051.489, 1049.311、1056.0742、1042.2977、1041.6723、1043.9296、1042.7619, 1032.842、1042.7006、1046.3895、1051.801、1054.1023、1059.6545, 1051.8906、1052.3833、1055.4235、1051.0044、1051.7467、1051.2107, 1048.6395、1045.6567、1049.1911、1040.2813、1035.8458、1028.5641, 1027.469、1024.5765、1032.1959、1039.6526、1043.0872、1040.5157, 1035.2799、1034.5771、1032.9374、1037.5497、1041.925、1043.5744, 1040.8266、1041.4861、1036.9859、1024.7875、1020.2694、1017.749, 1014.9565、1011.8741、1015.188、1018.6312、1009.4944、1010.4238, 1016.762、1018.2838、1019.6979、1023.0655、1014.2412、1007.8698, 1017.4137、2012年10月19日,1021.8013、1028.7364、1023.8553、1014.1613, 1008.2688、1012.3865、1015.5342、1019.7785、1016.8026、1021.4264, 1023.4766、1015.2452、1015.9395、1018.8826、1016.6993、1013.6742, 1019.1466、1021.0248、1026.475、1027.4478、1034.2363、1032.2496, 1027.5767、1020.5724、1019.5044、1004.9575、997.7392、1001.0576, 1005.7048、1002.3616、1010.4582、1015.3163、1013.507、1015.5842, 1019.6292、1018.1884、1021.1877、1023.7156、1025.162、1017.3725, 1013.8538、1009.8373、1015.0838、1013.4391、1010.1612、1010.2299, 1023.8341、1011.8823、1000.5451、999.6638、998.7858、987.4057, 991.3167、998.9599、1010.937、1009.6597、1003.1149、1000.5844, 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956.2773、954.0037、932.8004、928.7932、940.8626、926.6375、937.3218, 958.6777、964.0768、952.0505、950.5115、948.4479、939.3607、935.7749, 939.6842、942.3164、928.0374、919.9734、911.6006),y = c(788.1826, 770.943、757.8363、745.7519、763.9224、784.2032、788.0772、801.267, 815.823、805.0596、785.733、791.6119、783.7698、777.2689、776.5628, 783.5034、797.6054、797.4178、788.4994、793.8253、793.1876、787.6427, 783.5845、799.8222、792.5408、800.3527、795.215、800.7316、793.3939, 802.6706、811.1229、811.8536、816.8235、824.7065、818.9618、816.8607, 808.3944、795.1955、776.3799、768.6471、761.8164、765.1176、766.0153, 774.3594、781.6673、771.2373、757.9313、768.6883、777.0807、781.3509, 779.6374、786.0757、773.0423、765.5792、764.6384、782.6235、810.0114, 818.5287、818.1307、806.6282、792.5812、775.8072、764.1966、772.322, 768.9524、772.9565、761.8561、757.6279、747.5509、751.0812、746.2558, 759.4676、776.8661、781.1691、784.5929、798.0746、794.1206、780.7399, 782.6485、774.5478、777.8751、772.2187、772.5193、777.3008、789.0714, 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1374.7729、1359.9191、1354.1172、1351.8529、1349.0833、1341.5454, 1351.5255、1350.431、1356.8146、1358.7656、1365.3269、1364.9431, 1366.631、1360.4874、1355.2152、1358.7005、1368.2299、1363.7082, 1370.059、1376.8738、1366.2659、1349.0049、1366.3064、1365.0829, 1376.7078、1388.0081、1404.1403、1390.7425、1395.0293、1378.9801, 1367.3256、1362.0991、1364.6094、1354.9031、1353.7332、1355.2581, 1342.6576、1348.3014、1356.1723、1371.4283、1367.0735、1373.578, 1375.9707、1377.0591、1374.3822、1382.0579、1388.0285、1383.9064, 1382.0668,1372.1796,1378.207,1378.8784,1388.2788,1384.4918, 1393.8804,1388.6086,1388.1011,1370.1213,1372.6268,1370.4797, 1366.59、1362.3637、1377.1559、1385.4569、1380.4629、1388.1607, 1392.9759,1383.4105,1379.1023,1386.516,1399.0417,1401.0841, 1394.361、1386.4877、1380.187、1365.4649、1353.3016、1355.7279, 1357.9931、1350.9256、1355.7186、1369.6754、1373.8288、1382.3468, 1395.4189、1390.5029、1386.8633、1388.8058、1381.5241、1393.0759, 1375.6446、1365.7619、1358.0941、1367.3018、1350.1741、1371.0745, 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Names = c("x", "y"),class ="data.frame")

exdata <- structure(list(x = c(129.5695, 131.7681, 111.0764, 104.072, 117.4685, 124.6366, 123.3217, 127.4646, 128.0695, 110.6105, 105.3012, 98.3239, 94.7057, 103.349, 101.5618, 97.0452, 99.2581, 96.869, 87.8457, 89.5727, 101.3341, 103.7006, 100.9025, 101.2322, 107.0066, 99.4793, 101.446, 110.8227, 115.8369, 113.8645, 119.1815, 115.382, 106.6097, 100.0037, 99.4583, 93.7219, 93.5242, 94.6776, 98.66, 92.5156, 99.0487, 99.2332, 97.9979, 98.5008, 99.4881, 96.2035, 99.3862, 108.1677, 107.2952, 107.5039, 109.8523, 107.0338, 98.331, 106.3463, 105.3598, 100.5509, 108.4587, 111.785, 102.911, 104.0221, 103.0966, 96.0376, 95.0978, 92.9253, 94.8009, 96.7117, 101.732, 107.1491, 107.0559, 107.6543, 108.8192, 101.6353, 94.3223, 94.3889, 93.4375, 99.0691, 101.1942, 102.7105, 105.8936, 104.8027, 93.6381, 99.6715, 98.8952, 100.2534, 104.2578, 105.9263, 106.0875, 118.8101, 121.278, 117.5301, 121.667, 428.0926, 731.1513, 775.6144, 795.4499, 817.3595, 535.1731, 276.7803, 330.6044, 439.8171, 541.2278, 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