如何更改文件中的字节? [英] How to change the bytes in a file?

问题描述

我正在制作一个加密程序，我需要以二进制模式打开文件以访问非ASCII和不可打印的字符，我需要检查文件中的字符是字母，数字，符号还是不可打印的字符.这意味着如果字节(将它们解码为ascii时)与以下任何字符相匹配，我就必须按1逐个检查:

I'm making a encryption program and I need to open file in binary mode to access non-ascii and non-printable characters, I need to check if character from a file is letter, number, symbol or unprintable character. That means I have to check 1 by 1 if bytes (when they are decoded to ascii) match any of these characters:

{^9,dzEV=Q4ciT+/s};fnq3BFh% #2!k7>YSU<GyD\I]|OC_e.W0M~ua-jR5lv1wA`@8t*xr'K"[P)&b:g$p(mX6Ho?JNZL

我想我可以将上面的这些字符编码为二进制，然后将它们与字节进行比较.我不知道该怎么做.

I think I could encode these characters above to binary and then compare them with bytes. I don't know how to do this.

P.S.对不起，英语和二进制错误的理解. (我希望你 知道我的意思是字节，我的意思是二进制模式下的字符 这个):

P.S. Sorry for bad English and binary misunderstanding. (I hope you know what I mean by bytes, I mean characters in binary mode like this):

\x01\x00\x9a\x9c\x18\x00

推荐答案

Python中有两种主要的字符串类型:代表二进制数据的字节字符串(字节序列)和代表人类的Unicode字符串(Unicode代码点序列)可读的文本.将一个转换为另一个(☯)很简单:

There are two major string types in Python: bytestrings (a sequence of bytes) that represent binary data and Unicode strings (a sequence of Unicode codepoints) that represent human-readable text. It is simple to convert one into another (☯):

unicode_text = bytestring.decode(character_encoding)
bytestring = unicode_text.encode(character_encoding)

如果您以二进制模式打开文件，例如'rb'，则file.read()返回一个字节串(bytes类型):

If you open a file in binary mode e.g., 'rb' then file.read() returns a bytestring (bytes type):

>>> b'A' == b'\x41' == chr(0b1000001).encode()
True

---

可以使用几种方法对字节进行分类:

---

There are several methods that can be used to classify bytes:

• 字符串方法，例如bytes.isdigit():

>>> b'1'.isdigit()
True

字符串常量，例如string.printable

>>> import string
>>> b'!' in string.printable.encode()
True

正则表达式，例如\d

>>> import re
>>> bool(re.match(br'\d+$', b'123'))
True

curses.ascii模块中的

分类功能，例如curses.ascii.isprint()

classification functions in curses.ascii module e.g., curses.ascii.isprint()

>>> from curses import ascii
>>> bytearray(filter(ascii.isprint, b'123'))
bytearray(b'123')

bytearray是一个可变的字节序列-与字节字符串不同，您可以就位更改它，例如，每3个大写字母字节将其小写:

bytearray is a mutable sequence of bytes — unlike a bytestring you can change it inplace e.g., to lowercase every 3rd byte that is uppercase:

>>> import string
>>> a = bytearray(b'ABCDEF_')
>>> uppercase = string.ascii_uppercase.encode()
>>> a[::3] = [b | 0b0100000 if b in uppercase else b 
...           for b in a[::3]]
>>> a
bytearray(b'aBCdEF_')

注意:b'ad'是小写字母，但b'_'保持不变.

Notice: b'ad' are lowercase but b'_' remained the same.

要就地修改二进制文件，可以使用mmap模块，例如，将'file'中每隔一行的第4列小写:

To modify a binary file inplace, you could use mmap module e.g., to lowercase 4th column in every other line in 'file':

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import mmap
import string

uppercase = string.ascii_uppercase.encode()
ncolumn = 3 # select 4th column
with open('file', 'r+b') as file, \
     mmap.mmap(file.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_WRITE) as mm:
    while True:
        mm.readline()   # ignore every other line
        pos = mm.tell() # remember current position
        if not mm.readline(): # EOF
            break
        if mm[pos + ncolumn] in uppercase:
            mm[pos + ncolumn] |= 0b0100000 # lowercase

注意:在这种情况下，Python 2和3 API有所不同.该代码使用Python 3.

Note: Python 2 and 3 APIs differ in this case. The code uses Python 3.

ABCDE1
FGHIJ
ABCDE
FGHI

输出

ABCDE1
FGHiJ
ABCDE
FGHi

注意:第2列和第4h行的第4列变为小写.

Notice: 4th column became lowercase on 2nd and 4h lines.

通常，如果您要更改文件:您从文件中读取，对临时文件进行修改，并在成功后将临时文件替换为原始文件:

Typically if you want to change a file: you read from the file, write modifications to a temporary file, and on success you move the temporary file inplace of the original file:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import os
import string
from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile

caesar_shift = 3
filename = 'file'

def caesar_bytes(plaintext, shift, alphabet=string.ascii_lowercase.encode()):
    shifted_alphabet = alphabet[shift:] + alphabet[:shift]
    return plaintext.translate(plaintext.maketrans(alphabet, shifted_alphabet))

dest_dir = os.path.dirname(filename)
chunksize = 1 << 15
with open(filename, 'rb') as file, \
     NamedTemporaryFile('wb', dir=dest_dir, delete=False) as tmp_file:
    while True: # encrypt
        chunk = file.read(chunksize)
        if not chunk: # EOF
            break
        tmp_file.write(caesar_bytes(chunk, caesar_shift))
os.replace(tmp_file.name, filename)

输入

abc
def
ABC
DEF

输出

def
ghi
ABC
DEF

要转换回输出，请设置caesar_shift = -3.

To convert the output back, set caesar_shift = -3.

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