在C ++中将32位数字拆分为字节的最快方法 [英] Fastest Method to Split a 32 Bit number into Bytes in C++

问题描述

我正在编写一段旨在对CLSID结构进行数据压缩的代码。我将它们存储为128位整数的压缩流。但是，有问题的代码必须能够将无效的CLSID放入流中。为了做到这一点，我把它们留为一串。在磁盘上，看起来像这样：

I am writing a piece of code designed to do some data compression on CLSID structures. I'm storing them as a compressed stream of 128 bit integers. However, the code in question has to be able to place invalid CLSIDs into the stream. In order to do this, I have left them as one big string. On disk, it would look something like this:

+--------------------------+-----------------+------------------------+
|                          |                 |                        |
| Length of Invalid String | Invalid String  | Compressed Data Stream |
|                          |                 |                        |
+--------------------------+-----------------+------------------------+

要编码字符串的长度，我需要输出32位整数，一次是一个字节的字符串长度。这是我当前的代码：

To encode the length of the string, I need to output the 32 bit integer that is the length of the string one byte at a time. Here's my current code:

std::vector<BYTE> compressedBytes;
DWORD invalidLength = (DWORD) invalidClsids.length();
compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE)  invalidLength        & 0x000000FF);
compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>= 8) & 0x000000FF));
compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>= 8) & 0x000000FF));
compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>= 8));

此代码不会经常被调用，但是在解码中需要有类似的结构舞台叫了无数次。我很好奇这是最有效的方法，还是有人可以提出更好的方法？

This code won't be called often, but there will need to be a similar structure in the decoding stage called many thousands of times. I'm curious if this is the most efficient method or if someone can come up with one better?

谢谢！

Billy3

编辑：
在查看了一些答案之后，我创建了这个迷你测试程序来查看哪个是最快的：

After looking over some of the answers, I created this mini test program to see which was the fastest:

// temp.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <windows.h>
#include <ctime>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

void testAssignedShifts();
void testRawShifts();
void testUnion();

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    std::clock_t startTime = std::clock();
    for (register unsigned __int32 forLoopTest = 0; forLoopTest < 0x008FFFFF; forLoopTest++)
    {
        testAssignedShifts();
    }
    std::clock_t assignedShiftsFinishedTime = std::clock();
    for (register unsigned __int32 forLoopTest = 0; forLoopTest < 0x008FFFFF; forLoopTest++)
    {
        testRawShifts();
    }
    std::clock_t rawShiftsFinishedTime = std::clock();
    for (register unsigned __int32 forLoopTest = 0; forLoopTest < 0x008FFFFF; forLoopTest++)
    {
        testUnion();
    }
    std::clock_t unionFinishedTime = std::clock();
    std::printf(
        "Execution time for assigned shifts: %08u clocks\n"
        "Execution time for raw shifts:      %08u clocks\n"
        "Execution time for union:           %08u clocks\n\n",
        assignedShiftsFinishedTime - startTime,
        rawShiftsFinishedTime - assignedShiftsFinishedTime,
        unionFinishedTime - rawShiftsFinishedTime);
    startTime = std::clock();
    for (register unsigned __int32 forLoopTest = 0; forLoopTest < 0x008FFFFF; forLoopTest++)
    {
        testAssignedShifts();
    }
    assignedShiftsFinishedTime = std::clock();
    for (register unsigned __int32 forLoopTest = 0; forLoopTest < 0x008FFFFF; forLoopTest++)
    {
        testRawShifts();
    }
    rawShiftsFinishedTime = std::clock();
    for (register unsigned __int32 forLoopTest = 0; forLoopTest < 0x008FFFFF; forLoopTest++)
    {
        testUnion();
    }
    unionFinishedTime = std::clock();
    std::printf(
        "Execution time for assigned shifts: %08u clocks\n"
        "Execution time for raw shifts:      %08u clocks\n"
        "Execution time for union:           %08u clocks\n\n"
        "Finished. Terminate!\n\n",
        assignedShiftsFinishedTime - startTime,
        rawShiftsFinishedTime - assignedShiftsFinishedTime,
        unionFinishedTime - rawShiftsFinishedTime);

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

void testAssignedShifts()
{
    std::string invalidClsids("This is a test string");
    std::vector<BYTE> compressedBytes;
    DWORD invalidLength = (DWORD) invalidClsids.length();
    compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE)  invalidLength);
    compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>= 8));
    compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>= 8));
    compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>= 8));
}
void testRawShifts()
{
    std::string invalidClsids("This is a test string");
    std::vector<BYTE> compressedBytes;
    DWORD invalidLength = (DWORD) invalidClsids.length();
    compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) invalidLength);
    compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>  8));
    compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>  16));
    compressedBytes.push_back((BYTE) (invalidLength >>  24));
}

typedef union _choice
{
    DWORD dwordVal;
    BYTE bytes[4];
} choice;

void testUnion()
{
    std::string invalidClsids("This is a test string");
    std::vector<BYTE> compressedBytes;
    choice invalidLength;
    invalidLength.dwordVal = (DWORD) invalidClsids.length();
    compressedBytes.push_back(invalidLength.bytes[0]);
    compressedBytes.push_back(invalidLength.bytes[1]);
    compressedBytes.push_back(invalidLength.bytes[2]);
    compressedBytes.push_back(invalidLength.bytes[3]);
}

运行几次会导致：

Execution time for assigned shifts: 00012484 clocks
Execution time for raw shifts:      00012578 clocks
Execution time for union:           00013172 clocks

Execution time for assigned shifts: 00012594 clocks
Execution time for raw shifts:      00013140 clocks
Execution time for union:           00012782 clocks

Execution time for assigned shifts: 00012500 clocks
Execution time for raw shifts:      00012515 clocks
Execution time for union:           00012531 clocks

Execution time for assigned shifts: 00012391 clocks
Execution time for raw shifts:      00012469 clocks
Execution time for union:           00012500 clocks

Execution time for assigned shifts: 00012500 clocks
Execution time for raw shifts:      00012562 clocks
Execution time for union:           00012422 clocks

Execution time for assigned shifts: 00012484 clocks
Execution time for raw shifts:      00012407 clocks
Execution time for union:           00012468 clocks

看起来与指定的班次和并列关系有关。由于我稍后将需要该值，因此将其合并！谢谢！

Looks to be about a tie between assigned shifts and union. Since I'm going to need the value later, union it is! Thanks!

Billy3

推荐答案

只需使用一个联合体：

Just use a union:

assert(sizeof (DWORD) == sizeof (BYTE[4]));   // Sanity check

union either {
    DWORD dw;
    struct {
         BYTE b[4];
    } bytes;
};

either invalidLength;
invalidLength.dw = (DWORD) invalidClsids.length();
compressedBytes.push_back(either.bytes.b[0]);
compressedBytes.push_back(either.bytes.b[1]);
compressedBytes.push_back(either.bytes.b[2]);
compressedBytes.push_back(either.bytes.b[3]);

注意：与原始问题中的移位方法不同，此代码产生endian-依赖输出。仅当在一台计算机上运行的程序的输出将在具有不同字节序的计算机上读取时才重要-但是由于使用此方法似乎没有可测量的速度增加，因此您最好使用一种更便携的移位方法，以防万一。

NOTE: Unlike the bit-shifting approach in the original question, this code produces endian-dependent output. This matters only if output from a program running on one computer will be read on a computer with different endianness -- but as there seems to be no measurable speed increase from using this method, you might as well use the more portable bit-shifting approach, just in case.

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