matplotlib:如何防止 x 轴标签重叠 [英] matplotlib: how to prevent x-axis labels from overlapping
问题描述
我正在使用 matplotlib 生成条形图.一切正常,但我不知道如何防止 x 轴的标签相互重叠.这里有一个例子:
以下是 postgres 9.1 数据库的一些示例 SQL:
删除表如果存在mytable;创建表 mytable(id bigint, version smallint, date_from 时间戳不带时区);插入到 mytable(id, version, date_from) 值中('4084036', '1', '2006-12-22 22:46:35'),('4084938', '1', '2006-12-23 16:19:13'),('4084938', '2', '2006-12-23 16:20:23'),('4084939', '1', '2006-12-23 16:29:14'),('4084954', '1', '2006-12-23 16:28:28'),('4250653', '1', '2007-02-12 21:58:53'),('4250657', '1', '2007-03-12 21:58:53');
这是我的python脚本:
# -*- 编码:utf-8 -*-#!/usr/bin/python2.7导入 psycopg2导入 matplotlib.pyplot 作为 pltfig = plt.figure()# 对于 savefig()导入pylab###### 使用 psycopg2 连接到数据库###尝试:conn_string="dbname='x' user='y' host='z' password='pw'"打印 "连接到数据库
->%s" % (conn_string)conn = psycopg2.connect(conn_string)打印成功建立与数据库的连接"除了:打印连接到数据库失败"###### 执行 SQL 查询#### sql的新游标方法cur = conn.cursor()# 执行 SQL 查询.对于多于一行,使用三个 '"'尝试:cur.execute("""-- 这些点是在哪一年/哪一个月创建的?-- 需要 'yyyymm' 因为我只需要带年的月份(值是相加的).如果没有,查询每天都会返回数据库有一个条目.SELECT to_char(s.day,'yyyymm') AS 月,count(t.id)::int AS 计数从 (选择 generate_series(min(date_from)::date,max(date_from)::date,间隔1天")::日期为天从 mytable t) sLEFT JOIN mytable t ON t.date_from::date = s.day按月分组按月订购;""")# 返回查询结果.fetchall() = 所有行,fetchone() = 第一行记录 = cur.fetchall()cur.close()除了:打印无法执行查询"# 从 db-query 中解压数据.顺序与 db-query 输出相同年,计数 = zip(*记录)###### 情节(条形图)#### 计算count-values、y-axis-values、axis-labels的位置、legend-label的范围的长度plt.bar(range(len(count)), count, align='center', label='Amount of created/edited points')# 将数据库值添加到绘图中,偏移量为 10px/10pxax = fig.add_subplot(111)对于 zip(year,count) 中的 i,j:ax.annotate(str(j), xy=(i,j), xytext=(10,10), textcoords='offset points')# 在 x 轴上旋转 x 标签fig.autofmt_xdate()# x 和 y 轴的标签值plt.xticks(range(len(count)), (year))# 标记 x 和 y 轴plt.xlabel('年')plt.ylabel('创建/编辑点的数量')# 在图上定位图例 (http://matplotlib.org/users/legend_guide.html#legend-location)plt.legend(loc=1)# 情节标题plt.title("随着时间的推移创建/编辑的点数")# 显示情节pylab.show()
有什么方法可以防止标签相互重叠?理想情况下是自动方式,因为我无法预测条形数量.
- OP 中的问题是日期格式为
string
类型.matplotlib
将每个值绘制为刻度标签,刻度位置是基于值数量的 0 索引数. - 此问题的解决方案是将所有值转换为正确的
type
,在这种情况下为datetime
.- 一旦
axes
具有正确的type
,还有额外的matplotlib
从您的数据库游标中获取一个简单的元组列表应该像...
data_tuples = []对于游标中的行:data_tuples.append(row)
但是,我在这里发布了一个函数版本,我用来直接使用 db 游标来记录数组或 Pandas 数据帧:如何将SQL查询结果转换为PANDAS数据结构?
希望这也有帮助.
I'm generating a bar-chart with matplotlib. It all works well but I can't figure out how to prevent the labels of the x-axis from overlapping each other. Here an example:
Here is some sample SQL for a postgres 9.1 database:
drop table if exists mytable; create table mytable(id bigint, version smallint, date_from timestamp without time zone); insert into mytable(id, version, date_from) values ('4084036', '1', '2006-12-22 22:46:35'), ('4084938', '1', '2006-12-23 16:19:13'), ('4084938', '2', '2006-12-23 16:20:23'), ('4084939', '1', '2006-12-23 16:29:14'), ('4084954', '1', '2006-12-23 16:28:28'), ('4250653', '1', '2007-02-12 21:58:53'), ('4250657', '1', '2007-03-12 21:58:53') ;
And this is my python-script:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/python2.7 import psycopg2 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig = plt.figure() # for savefig() import pylab ### ### Connect to database with psycopg2 ### try: conn_string="dbname='x' user='y' host='z' password='pw'" print "Connecting to database ->%s" % (conn_string) conn = psycopg2.connect(conn_string) print "Connection to database was established succesfully" except: print "Connection to database failed" ### ### Execute SQL query ### # New cursor method for sql cur = conn.cursor() # Execute SQL query. For more than one row use three '"' try: cur.execute(""" -- In which year/month have these points been created? -- Need 'yyyymm' because I only need Months with years (values are summeed up). Without, query returns every day the db has an entry. SELECT to_char(s.day,'yyyymm') AS month ,count(t.id)::int AS count FROM ( SELECT generate_series(min(date_from)::date ,max(date_from)::date ,interval '1 day' )::date AS day FROM mytable t ) s LEFT JOIN mytable t ON t.date_from::date = s.day GROUP BY month ORDER BY month; """) # Return the results of the query. Fetchall() = all rows, fetchone() = first row records = cur.fetchall() cur.close() except: print "Query could not be executed" # Unzip the data from the db-query. Order is the same as db-query output year, count = zip(*records) ### ### Plot (Barchart) ### # Count the length of the range of the count-values, y-axis-values, position of axis-labels, legend-label plt.bar(range(len(count)), count, align='center', label='Amount of created/edited points') # Add database-values to the plot with an offset of 10px/10px ax = fig.add_subplot(111) for i,j in zip(year,count): ax.annotate(str(j), xy=(i,j), xytext=(10,10), textcoords='offset points') # Rotate x-labels on the x-axis fig.autofmt_xdate() # Label-values for x and y axis plt.xticks(range(len(count)), (year)) # Label x and y axis plt.xlabel('Year') plt.ylabel('Amount of created/edited points') # Locate legend on the plot (http://matplotlib.org/users/legend_guide.html#legend-location) plt.legend(loc=1) # Plot-title plt.title("Amount of created/edited points over time") # show plot pylab.show()
Is there a way how I can prevent the labels from overlapping each other? Ideally in an automatic way, because I can't predict the amount of bars.
解决方案- The issue in the OP is the dates are formatted as
string
type.matplotlib
plots every value as a tick label with the tick location being a 0 indexed number based on the number of values. - The resolution to this issue is to convert all values to the correct
type
,datetime
in this case.- Once the
axes
have the correcttype
, there are additionalmatplotlib
methods, which can be used to further customize the tick spacing.
- Once the
- The answers to What is plotted when string data is passed to the matplotlib API? explain in more detail what happens when
string
values are passed tomatplotlib
. - As of 2014-09-30, pandas has a
read_sql
function, which has aparse_dates
parameter. You definitely want to use that instead.
Original Answer
Here's how you should convert your date string into real datetime objects:
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.dates as mdates data_tuples = [ ('4084036', '1', '2006-12-22 22:46:35'), ('4084938', '1', '2006-12-23 16:19:13'), ('4084938', '2', '2006-12-23 16:20:23'), ('4084939', '1', '2006-12-23 16:29:14'), ('4084954', '1', '2006-12-23 16:28:28'), ('4250653', '1', '2007-02-12 21:58:53'), ('4250657', '1', '2007-03-12 21:58:53')] datatypes = [('col1', 'i4'), ('col2', 'i4'), ('date', 'S20')] data = np.array(data_tuples, dtype=datatypes) col1 = data['col1'] # convert the dates to a datetime type dates = mdates.num2date(mdates.datestr2num(data['date'])) fig, ax1 = plt.subplots() ax1.bar(dates, col1) fig.autofmt_xdate()
Getting a simple list of tuples out of your database cursor should be as simple as...
data_tuples = [] for row in cursor: data_tuples.append(row)
However, I posted a version of a function that I use to take db cursors directly to record arrays or pandas dataframes here: How to convert SQL Query result to PANDAS Data Structure?
Hopefully that helps too.
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- The issue in the OP is the dates are formatted as
- 一旦