打开Excel和TextEdit时对UTF8 CSV文件的编码问题 [英] Encoding issues for UTF8 CSV file when opening Excel and TextEdit
问题描述
我最近添加了一个CSV下载按钮，从服务器（Ruby on Rails）接收数据库（Postgres）数据，并将其转换为客户端的CSV文件（Javascript，HTML5）。我目前正在测试CSV文件，我遇到一些编码问题。
当我通过less查看CSV文件时，文件显示正常。但是当我在Excel或TextEdit中打开文件时，我开始看到像
，
。基本上，我看到这里描述的字符： http：/ /digwp.com/2011/07/clean-up-weird-characters-in-database/
我读到这种问题可能会发生数据库编码设置设置为错误。但是，我使用的数据库设置为使用UTF8编码。当我通过创建CSV文件的JS代码调试时，文本显示正常。 （这可能是Chrome的功能，但功能较少）
我感到沮丧，因为我从我的在线搜索中学到的唯一的事情是，可能有很多原因为什么编码不工作，我不知道哪个部分是错误的（所以请原谅我，因为我最初标记无数的东西），没有我试过的新的光线我的问题。
为了参考，这里是创建CSV文件的JavaScript代码段！
$（document）.ready（function（）{
var csvData =<％= raw to_csv view_scope，clicks_post）.as_json％> ;;
var csvContent =data：text / csv; charset = utf-8，;
csvData.forEach（function（infoArray，index）{
var dataString = infoArray.join（，）;
csvContent + = dataString +\\\
;
}）;
var encodedUri = encodeURI（csvContent）;
var button = $（'< a>'）;
button.text（'Download CSV'）;
button.addClass（button right）;
button.attr href'，encodedUri）;
button.attr（'target'，'_ blank'）;
button.attr（'download'，'<％= title％> _25_posts.csv'）;
$（＃<％= title％> _download_action）append（button）;
}）;
由于@jlarson更新了Mac是最大罪魁祸首，我们可能会进一步。 Office for Mac至少在2011年和以后，在导入文件时支持读取Unicode格式。
支持UTF-8似乎接近不存在，已经阅读了一些关于它工作的几个评论，而大多数人说，它不。不幸的是我没有任何Mac来测试。所以再次：文件本身应该确定为UTF-8，但导入停止的过程。
在Javascript中编写了一个快速测试导出百分比逃逸UTF-16小和大端序，有/没有BOM等。
代码应该可以重构，但应该可以测试。它可能工作比UTF-8更好。当然这也通常意味着更大的数据传输，因为任何字形都是两个或四个字节。
这里可以找到一个小提琴：
请注意， CSV以任何特定方式。它主要用于纯转换为具有UTF-8，UTF-16大/小字节序和+/- BOM的数据URL 。在 fiddle 中有一个选项可以用制表符替换逗号，但是如果它工作的话，相信这将是一个相当脆弱和脆弱的解决方案。
通常使用如下：
//启动
encoder = new DataEnc（{
mime：'text / csv'，
charset：'UTF-16BE'，
bom：true
}
//将数据转换为百分比转义文本
encoder.enc（data）;
//获取结果
var result = encoder.pay（）;
对象有两个结果属性：
1。） 这是数据URL的MIME类型，字符集等。从传递给初始化器的选项构建，或者也可以说 您可以指定 base64 ，但没有 base64 至少不是这么远）。 2。） 这是一个带百分比转义数据的字符串。 encoder.lead b
.config（{... new conf ...}）。intro（）重新构建。 p>
data：[< MIME-type>] [; charset =< encoding>] [; base64]
encoder.buf
.pay（） em>函数只返回1.）和2.）作为一个。
主代码：
function DataEnc（a）{
this.config（a）;
this.intro（）;
}
/ *
* http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml
* * /
DataEnc。 _enctype = {
u8：['u8'，'utf8']，
// RFC-2781，如果没有给出，则推测大字节序：
u16be：['u16'，'u16be '，'utf16'，'utf16be'，'ucs2'，'ucs2be']，
u16le：['u16le'，'utf16le'，'ucs2le']
}
DataEnc._BOM = {
'none'：''，
'UTF-8'：'％ef％bb％bf'，// Discouraged
'UTF-16BE '：'％fe％ff'，
'UTF-16LE'：'％ff％fe'
};
DataEnc.prototype = {
//基本设置
config：function（a）{
var opt = {
charset：'u8'，
mime：'text / csv'，
base64：0，
bom：0
};
a = a || {};
this.charset = typeof a.charset！=='undefined'？
a.charset：opt.charset;
this.base64 = typeof a.base64！=='undefined'？ a.base64：opt.base64;
this.mime = typeof a.mime！=='undefined'？ a.mime：opt.mime;
this.bom = typeof a.bom！=='undefined'？ a.bom：opt.bom;
this.enc = this.utf8;
this.buf ='';
this.lead ='';
return this;
}，
//基于config创建销售线索
// data：[< MIME-type>] [; charset =< encoding>] [; base64]，< data> ;
intro：function（）{
var
g = []，
c = this.charset || ''，
b ='none'
;
if（this.mime&& this.mime！==''）
g.push（this.mime）;
if（c！==''）{
c = c.replace（/ [ - \s] / g，''）.toLowerCase（）;
if（DataEnc._enctype.u8.indexOf（c）> -1）{
c ='UTF-8';
if（this.bom）
b = c;
this.enc = this.utf8;
} else if（DataEnc._enctype.u16be.indexOf（c）> -1）{
c ='UTF-16BE';
if（this.bom）
b = c;
this.enc = this.utf16be;
} else if（DataEnc._enctype.u16le.indexOf（c）> -1）{
c ='UTF-16LE';
if（this.bom）
b = c;
this.enc = this.utf16le;
} else {
if（c ==='copy'）
c ='';
this.enc = this.copy;
}
}
if（c！==''）
g.push（'charset ='+ c）;
if（this.base64）
g.push（'base64'）;
this.lead ='data：'+ g.join（';'）+'，'+ DataEnc._BOM [b];
return this;
}，
//交付
pay：function（）{
return this.lead + this.buf;
}，
// UTF-16BE
utf16be：function（t）{// U + 0500 => ％05％00
var i，c，buf = [];
for（i = 0; i
buf.push （（'00'+（c> 0x08）.toString（16））。substr（-2））;
buf.push（（'00'+（c& 0xff）.toString（16））。substr（-2））;
} else {
buf.push（'00'）;
buf.push（（'00'+（c& 0xff）.toString（16））。substr（-2））;
}
}
this.buf + ='％'+ buf.join（'％'）;
//注意返回的是十六进制数组，而不是带有'％'的字符串
//如果要循环遍历数据，可能很有用。
return buf;
}，
// UTF-16LE
utf16le：function（t）{// U + 0500 => ％00％05
var i，c，buf = [];
for（i = 0; i
buf.push （（'00'+（c& 0xff）.toString（16））。substr（-2））;
buf.push（（'00'+（c> 0x08）.toString（16））。substr（-2））;
} else {
buf.push（（'00'+（c& 0xff）.toString（16））。substr（-2））;
buf.push（'00'）;
}
}
this.buf + ='％'+ buf.join（'％'）;
//注意返回的是十六进制数组，而不是带有'％'的字符串
//如果要循环遍历数据，可能很有用。
return buf;
}，
// UTF-8
utf8：function（t）{
this.buf + = encodeURIComponent（t）;
return this;
}，
//直接复制
copy：function（t）{
this.buf + = t;
return this;
}
};
上一个答案：
我没有任何设置来复制你的，但如果你的情况与@jlarson相同，那么生成的文件应该是正确的。
这个回答变得有点长，（有趣的话题你说），但讨论问题的各个方面，什么是
TL; DR：
文本很可能已导入如ISO-8859-1，Windows-1252等，而不是UTF-8。强制应用程序使用导入或其他方式将文件读为UTF-8。
PS： UniSearcher 是一个很好的工具，可以在这个旅程。
< h1> 的长处
最简单的方法是100％确定我们正在查看的是使用十六进制编辑器对结果。或者使用命令行中的 hexdump ， xxd 等来查看文件。在这种情况下，字节序列应该是从脚本传递的UTF-8字节序列。
例如，如果我们接受 jlarson 它需要数据 数组：
data = ['name'，'city'，'state']，
['\\\Ԁ\\\ס\\\ก\\\ၔ'，'seattle'，'washington']
这一个合并到字符串中：
名称，城市，州< newline>
\\\Ԁ\\\ס\\\ก\\\ၔ，seattle，washington< newline>
可以通过Unicode转换为
名称，城市，州< newline>
Ԁסกၔ，seattle，washington< newline>
由于UTF-8使用ASCII作为基址（最高位设置与在ASCII中相同）测试数据中唯一的特殊序列是Ԁסกၔ，其依次是：
代码点字形UTF-8
----------------------------
U + 0500Ԁd4 80
U + 05E1סd7 a1
U + 0E01กe0 b8 81
U + 1054ၔe1 81 94
查看下载文件的十六进制转储：
0000000：6e61 6d65 2c63 6974 792c 7374 6174 650a姓名，城市，州。
0000010：d480 d7a1 e0b8 81e1 8194 2c73 6561 7474 ..........，seatt
0000020：6c65 2c77 6173 6869 6e67 746f 6e0a le，华盛顿。
在第二行，我们找到 d480 d7a1 e0b8 81e1 8194 与上述匹配：
0000010：d480 d7a1 e0b8 81 e1 8194 2c73 6561 7474 ...... ....，seatt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ - + - + + - + - + + - + - + + - + - + | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Ԁסၔၔ，seatt
p>
如果你想要做类似的测试。结果应该是类似的。
通过提供的示例†œ
我们还可以查看问题中提供的示例。
要在Windows-1252上引用维基百科：
Windows-1252或CP-1252是拉丁字母的字符编码，由
使用默认在Microsoft Windows的旧组件中使用英语和一些其他
西方语言。它是Windows代码页组中的一个版本。
在LaTeX包中，它被称为ansinew。
检索原始字节< h2>
要将其翻译成原始形式，我们可以查看代码页布局，我们从中获得：
字符：<â> < <> <，< < > <> < < > <，< < > <> < < - >
U.Hex：e2 20ac 201d 2c 20 e2 20ac 9d 2c 20 e2 20ac 153
T.Hex：e2 80 94 2c 20 e2 80 9d * 2c 20 e2 80 9c
-
U
ul>
例如：
â=> Unicode 0xe2 => CP-1252 0xe2
=> Unicode 0x201d => CP-1252 0x94
€=> Unicode 0x20ac => CP-1252 0x80
特殊情况如 9d 在CP-1252中没有相应的代码点，这些我们只需直接复制。
注意：如果通过将文本复制到文件执行十六进制转储，使用例如UTF-16编码保存文件以获取表中表示的Unicode值。例如。在Vim中：
set fenc = utf-16
＃或
set fenc = ucs-2
以UTF-8为单位的字节
将结果， T.Hex 行合并为UTF-8。在UTF-8序列中，字节由前导字节表示，告诉我们后续的字节数量是否为字形 。例如，如果一个字节具有二进制值 110x xxxx ，我们知道这个字节和下一个代表一个代码点。总共两个。 1110 xxxx 告诉我们它是三个等等。 ASCII值没有设置高位，因为匹配 0xxx xxxx 的任何字节都是独立的。共有一个字节。
0xe2 = 1110 0010 bin => 3 bytes => 0xe28094（em-dash） b $ b 0x2c = 0010 1100 bin => 1 byte => 0x2c（comma），
0x2c = 0010 0000 bin => 1 byte => 0x20空格）
0xe2 = 1110 0010 bin => 3 bytes => 0xe2809d（right-dq）
0x2c = 0010 1100 bin => 1 byte => 0x2c（comma），
0x2c = 0010 0000 bin => 1 byte => 0x20（space）
0xe2 = 1110 0010 => 3 bytes => 0xe2809c（left-dq）
原始的UTF-8字符串为：
- ，
将它回头
也做相反。原始字符串为字节：
UTF-8：e2 80 94 2c 20 e2 80 9d 2c 20 e2 80 9c
cp-1252 ：
e2 => â
80 => €
94 =>
2c => ，
20 => < space>
...
等等，结果：
â€â€
导入到MS Excel
换句话说：现在的问题可能是如何导入UTF- 8个文本文件转换为MS Excel和一些其他应用程序。
/ li>不要使用应用程序识别的扩展名保存文件，例如 .csv 或 .txt ，但是完全省略或者做一些事情。
testfile，无扩展名。然后在Excel中打开文件，确认我们实际上要打开此文件，并且使用编码选项提供voilà。选择UTF-8，并正确读取文件。
- 方法二： >
使用导入数据而不是打开文件。类似：
数据 - >导入外部数据 - >导入数据
选择编码并继续操作。
检查Excel和所选字体是否真的支持字形
我们还可以使用（有时更友好的）剪贴板测试Unicode字符的字体支持。例如，将此页面的文本复制到Excel中：
代码点存在，文本应该很好。
Linux
在Linux上，这在用户界主要是UTF-8，这不应该是一个问题。使用Libre Office Calc，Vim等显示正确呈现的文件。
h1>
encodeURI 规范状态（也请参阅 sec-15.1.3 ）：
encodeURI函数计算一个新版本的URI，其中某个字符的每个实例被一个，两个，三个或四个escape
我们可以在我们的控制台中简单地测试一下，例如： p>
>> encodeURI（'Ԁסกၔ，seattle，washington'）
<< ％D4％80％D7％A1％E0％B8％81％E1％81％94，西雅图，华盛顿
我们注册的转义序列等于上面十六进制转储中的转义序列：
％D4％80 ％d7％A1％E0％B8％81％E1％81％94（以对数表示的encodeURI）
d4 80 d7 a1 e0 b8 81 e1 81 94（文件的十六进制转储）
或测试4字节代码：
>> encodeURI（'I recently added a CSV-download button that takes data from database (Postgres) an array from server (Ruby on Rails), and turns it into a CSV file on the client side (Javascript, HTML5). I'm currently testing the CSV file and I am coming across some encoding issues.
When I view the CSV file via 'less', the file appears fine. But when I open the file in Excel OR TextEdit, I start seeing weird characters like
â€", â€, “
appear in the text. Basically, I see the characters that are described here: http://digwp.com/2011/07/clean-up-weird-characters-in-database/
I read that this sort of issue can arise when the Database encoding setting is set to the wrong one. BUT, the database that I am using is set to use UTF8 encoding. And when I debug through the JS codes that create the CSV file, the text appear normal. (This could be a Chrome ability, and less capability)
I'm feeling frustrated because the only thing I am learning from my online search is that there could be many reasons why encoding is not working, I'm not sure which part is at fault (so excuse me as I initially tag numerous things), and nothing I tried has shed new light on my problem.
For reference, here's the JavaScript snippet that creates the CSV file!
$(document).ready(function() {
var csvData = <%= raw to_csv(@view_scope, clicks_post).as_json %>;
var csvContent = "data:text/csv;charset=utf-8,";
csvData.forEach(function(infoArray, index){
var dataString = infoArray.join(",");
csvContent += dataString+ "\n";
});
var encodedUri = encodeURI(csvContent);
var button = $('<a>');
button.text('Download CSV');
button.addClass("button right");
button.attr('href', encodedUri);
button.attr('target','_blank');
button.attr('download','<%=title%>_25_posts.csv');
$("#<%=title%>_download_action").append(button);
});
解决方案 As @jlarson updated with information that Mac was the biggest culprit we might get some further. Office for Mac has, at least 2011 and back, rather poor support for reading Unicode formats when importing files.
Support for UTF-8 seems to be close to non-existent, have read a tiny few comments about it working, whilst the majority say it does not. Unfortunately I do not have any Mac to test on. So again: The files themselves should be OK as UTF-8, but the import halts the process.
Wrote up a quick test in Javascript for exporting percent escaped UTF-16 little and big endian, with- / without BOM etc.
Code should probably be refactored but should be OK for testing. It might work better then UTF-8. Of course this also usually means bigger data transfers as any glyph is two or four bytes.
You can find a fiddle here:
Note that it does not handle CSV in any particular way. It is mainly meant for pure conversion to data URL having UTF-8, UTF-16 big/little endian and +/- BOM. There is one option in the fiddle to replace commas with tabs, – but believe that would be rather hackish and fragile solution if it works.
Typically use like:
// Initiate
encoder = new DataEnc({
mime : 'text/csv',
charset: 'UTF-16BE',
bom : true
});
// Convert data to percent escaped text
encoder.enc(data);
// Get result
var result = encoder.pay();
There is two result properties of the object:
1.) encoder.lead
This is the mime-type, charset etc. for data URL. Built from options passed to initializer, or one can also say .config({ ... new conf ...}).intro() to re-build.
data:[<MIME-type>][;charset=<encoding>][;base64]
You can specify base64, but there is no base64 conversion (at least not this far).
2.) encoder.buf
This is a string with the percent escaped data.
The .pay() function simply return 1.) and 2.) as one.
Main code:
function DataEnc(a) {
this.config(a);
this.intro();
}
/*
* http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml
* */
DataEnc._enctype = {
u8 : ['u8', 'utf8'],
// RFC-2781, Big endian should be presumed if none given
u16be : ['u16', 'u16be', 'utf16', 'utf16be', 'ucs2', 'ucs2be'],
u16le : ['u16le', 'utf16le', 'ucs2le']
};
DataEnc._BOM = {
'none' : '',
'UTF-8' : '%ef%bb%bf', // Discouraged
'UTF-16BE' : '%fe%ff',
'UTF-16LE' : '%ff%fe'
};
DataEnc.prototype = {
// Basic setup
config : function(a) {
var opt = {
charset: 'u8',
mime : 'text/csv',
base64 : 0,
bom : 0
};
a = a || {};
this.charset = typeof a.charset !== 'undefined' ?
a.charset : opt.charset;
this.base64 = typeof a.base64 !== 'undefined' ? a.base64 : opt.base64;
this.mime = typeof a.mime !== 'undefined' ? a.mime : opt.mime;
this.bom = typeof a.bom !== 'undefined' ? a.bom : opt.bom;
this.enc = this.utf8;
this.buf = '';
this.lead = '';
return this;
},
// Create lead based on config
// data:[<MIME-type>][;charset=<encoding>][;base64],<data>
intro : function() {
var
g = [],
c = this.charset || '',
b = 'none'
;
if (this.mime && this.mime !== '')
g.push(this.mime);
if (c !== '') {
c = c.replace(/[-\s]/g, '').toLowerCase();
if (DataEnc._enctype.u8.indexOf(c) > -1) {
c = 'UTF-8';
if (this.bom)
b = c;
this.enc = this.utf8;
} else if (DataEnc._enctype.u16be.indexOf(c) > -1) {
c = 'UTF-16BE';
if (this.bom)
b = c;
this.enc = this.utf16be;
} else if (DataEnc._enctype.u16le.indexOf(c) > -1) {
c = 'UTF-16LE';
if (this.bom)
b = c;
this.enc = this.utf16le;
} else {
if (c === 'copy')
c = '';
this.enc = this.copy;
}
}
if (c !== '')
g.push('charset=' + c);
if (this.base64)
g.push('base64');
this.lead = 'data:' + g.join(';') + ',' + DataEnc._BOM[b];
return this;
},
// Deliver
pay : function() {
return this.lead + this.buf;
},
// UTF-16BE
utf16be : function(t) { // U+0500 => %05%00
var i, c, buf = [];
for (i = 0; i < t.length; ++i) {
if ((c = t.charCodeAt(i)) > 0xff) {
buf.push(('00' + (c >> 0x08).toString(16)).substr(-2));
buf.push(('00' + (c & 0xff).toString(16)).substr(-2));
} else {
buf.push('00');
buf.push(('00' + (c & 0xff).toString(16)).substr(-2));
}
}
this.buf += '%' + buf.join('%');
// Note the hex array is returned, not string with '%'
// Might be useful if one want to loop over the data.
return buf;
},
// UTF-16LE
utf16le : function(t) { // U+0500 => %00%05
var i, c, buf = [];
for (i = 0; i < t.length; ++i) {
if ((c = t.charCodeAt(i)) > 0xff) {
buf.push(('00' + (c & 0xff).toString(16)).substr(-2));
buf.push(('00' + (c >> 0x08).toString(16)).substr(-2));
} else {
buf.push(('00' + (c & 0xff).toString(16)).substr(-2));
buf.push('00');
}
}
this.buf += '%' + buf.join('%');
// Note the hex array is returned, not string with '%'
// Might be useful if one want to loop over the data.
return buf;
},
// UTF-8
utf8 : function(t) {
this.buf += encodeURIComponent(t);
return this;
},
// Direct copy
copy : function(t) {
this.buf += t;
return this;
}
};
Previous answer:
I do not have any setup to replicate yours, but if your case is the same as @jlarson then the resulting file should be correct.
This answer became somewhat long, (fun topic you say?), but discuss various aspects around the question, what is (likely) happening, and how to actually check what is going on in various ways.
TL;DR:
The text is likely imported as ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, or the like, and not as UTF-8. Force application to read file as UTF-8 by using import or other means.
PS: The UniSearcher is a nice tool to have available on this journey.
The long way around
The "easiest" way to be 100% sure what we are looking at is to use a hex-editor on the result. Alternatively use hexdump, xxd or the like from command line to view the file. In this case the byte sequence should be that of UTF-8 as delivered from the script.
As an example if we take the script of jlarson it takes the data Array:
data = ['name', 'city', 'state'],
['\u0500\u05E1\u0E01\u1054', 'seattle', 'washington']
This one is merged into the string:
name,city,state<newline>
\u0500\u05E1\u0E01\u1054,seattle,washington<newline>
which translates by Unicode to:
name,city,state<newline>
Ԁסกၔ,seattle,washington<newline>
As UTF-8 uses ASCII as base (bytes with highest bit not set are the same as in ASCII) the only special sequence in the test data is "Ԁסกၔ" which in turn, is:
Code-point Glyph UTF-8
----------------------------
U+0500 Ԁ d4 80
U+05E1 ס d7 a1
U+0E01 ก e0 b8 81
U+1054 ၔ e1 81 94
Looking at the hex-dump of the downloaded file:
0000000: 6e61 6d65 2c63 6974 792c 7374 6174 650a name,city,state.
0000010: d480 d7a1 e0b8 81e1 8194 2c73 6561 7474 ..........,seatt
0000020: 6c65 2c77 6173 6869 6e67 746f 6e0a le,washington.
On second line we find d480 d7a1 e0b8 81e1 8194 which match up with the above:
0000010: d480 d7a1 e0b8 81 e1 8194 2c73 6561 7474 ..........,seatt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+-+-+ +-+-+ +--+--+ +--+--+ | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Ԁ ס ก ၔ , s e a t t
None of the other characters is mangled either.
Do similar tests if you want. The result should be the similar.
By sample provided â€", â€, “
We can also have a look at the sample provided in the question. It is likely to assume that the text is represented in Excel / TextEdit by code-page 1252.
To quote Wikipedia on Windows-1252:
Windows-1252 or CP-1252 is a character encoding of the Latin alphabet, used by
default in the legacy components of Microsoft Windows in English and some other
Western languages. It is one version within the group of Windows code pages.
In LaTeX packages, it is referred to as "ansinew".
Retrieving the original bytes
To translate it back into it's original form we can look at the code page layout, from which we get:
Character: <â> <€> <"> <,> < > <â> <€> < > <,> < > <â> <€> <œ>
U.Hex : e2 20ac 201d 2c 20 e2 20ac 9d 2c 20 e2 20ac 153
T.Hex : e2 80 94 2c 20 e2 80 9d* 2c 20 e2 80 9c
U is short for UnicodeT is short for Translated
For example:
â => Unicode 0xe2 => CP-1252 0xe2
" => Unicode 0x201d => CP-1252 0x94
€ => Unicode 0x20ac => CP-1252 0x80
Special cases like 9d does not have a corresponding code-point in CP-1252, these we simply copy directly.
Note: If one look at mangled string by copying the text to a file and doing a hex-dump, save the file with for example UTF-16 encoding to get the Unicode values as represented in the table. E.g. in Vim:
set fenc=utf-16
# Or
set fenc=ucs-2
Bytes to UTF-8
We then combine the result, the T.Hex line, into UTF-8. In UTF-8 sequences the bytes are represented by a leading byte telling us how many subsequent bytes make the glyph. For example if a byte has the binary value 110x xxxx we know that this byte and the next represent one code-point. A total of two. 1110 xxxx tells us it is three and so on. ASCII values does not have the high bit set, as such any byte matching 0xxx xxxx is a standalone. A total of one byte.
0xe2 = 1110 0010bin => 3 bytes => 0xe28094 (em-dash) —
0x2c = 0010 1100bin => 1 byte => 0x2c (comma) ,
0x2c = 0010 0000bin => 1 byte => 0x20 (space)
0xe2 = 1110 0010bin => 3 bytes => 0xe2809d (right-dq) "
0x2c = 0010 1100bin => 1 byte => 0x2c (comma) ,
0x2c = 0010 0000bin => 1 byte => 0x20 (space)
0xe2 = 1110 0010bin => 3 bytes => 0xe2809c (left-dq) "
Conclusion; The original UTF-8 string was:
—, ", "
Mangling it back
We can also do the reverse. The original string as bytes:
UTF-8: e2 80 94 2c 20 e2 80 9d 2c 20 e2 80 9c
Corresponding values in cp-1252:
e2 => â
80 => €
94 => "
2c => ,
20 => <space>
...
and so on, result:
â€", â€, “
Importing to MS Excel
In other words: The issue at hand could be how to import UTF-8 text files into MS Excel, and some other applications. In Excel this can be done in various ways.
- Method one:
Do not save the file with an extension recognized by the application, like .csv, or .txt, but omit it completely or make something up.
As an example save the file as "testfile", with no extension. Then in Excel open the file, confirm that we actually want to open this file, and voilà we get served with the encoding option. Select UTF-8, and file should be correctly read.
- Method two:
Use import data instead of open file. Something like:
Data -> Import External Data -> Import Data
Select encoding and proceed.
Check that Excel and selected font actually supports the glyph
We can also test the font support for the Unicode characters by using the, sometimes, friendlier clipboard. For example, copy text from this page into Excel:
If support for the code points exist, the text should render fine.
Linux
On Linux, which is primarily UTF-8 in userland this should not be an issue. Using Libre Office Calc, Vim, etc. show the files correctly rendered.
Why it works (or should)
encodeURI from the spec states, (also read sec-15.1.3):
The encodeURI function computes a new version of a URI in which each instance of certain characters is replaced by one, two, three, or four escape sequences representing the UTF-8 encoding of the character.
We can simply test this in our console by, for example saying:
>> encodeURI('Ԁסกၔ,seattle,washington')
<< "%D4%80%D7%A1%E0%B8%81%E1%81%94,seattle,washington"
As we register the escape sequences are equal to the ones in the hex dump above:
%D4%80%D7%A1%E0%B8%81%E1%81%94 (encodeURI in log)
d4 80 d7 a1 e0 b8 81 e1 81 94 (hex-dump of file)
or, testing a 4-byte code:
>> encodeURI('
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