Python本地与全局变量 [英] Python local vs global variables

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问题描述

我理解Python中局部变量和全局变量的概念,但我只是有一个疑问,为什么错误在下面的代码中出现。 Python一行一行地执行代码,所以它不知道a是否是局部变量,直到它读取第5行。是否Python返回一行并在它尝试执行第5行后将其标记为错误?

  a = 0 

def test():
打印一个#line 4,错误:局部变量' a'在转让前引用
a = 0 #line 5

test()


那复制你的问题:

$ $ p $ a = 0

def test1():
print (a)

test1()

打印 0 。因此,调用这个函数并没有问题,但是在下一个函数中:
$ b $ pre $ def c test2():
print( a)#错误:在赋值前引用局部变量'a'
= 0

test2()

我们得到一个错误:

  Traceback(最近一次调用最后一次):
文件< stdin>,第1行,位于< module>
文件stdin>,第2行,在test2中
UnboundLocalError:赋值前引用的局部变量'a'

反汇编



我们可以反汇编这两个函数(第一个 Python 2 ):

 >>> import dis 
>>> disdis(test1)
2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0(a)
3 PRINT_ITEM
4 PRINT_NEWLINE
5 LOAD_CONST 0(无)
8 RETURN_VALUE

我们看到第一个函数自动加载全局 a ,而第二个功能:

 >>> disdis(test2)
2 0 LOAD_FAST 0(a)
3 PRINT_ITEM
4 PRINT_NEWLINE

3 5 LOAD_CONST 1(0)
8 STORE_FAST 0(a)
11 LOAD_CONST 0(无)
14 RETURN_VALUE

在它内部分配 a ,从本地尝试LOAD_FAST(作为优化问题,因为函数在运行之前预先编译为字节码)。



如果我们在 Python 3 中执行此操作,我们会看到几乎相同的效果:

 >>> test2()
Traceback(最近一次调用最后一次):
在< module>中,第1行的文件< stdin>
文件stdin>,第2行,在test2中
UnboundLocalError:在赋值之前引用的局部变量'a'
>>>
>>> import dis
>>> disdis(test1)
2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0(打印)
3 LOAD_GLOBAL 1(a)
6 CALL_FUNCTION 1(1位置,0个关键字对)
9 POP_TOP
10 LOAD_CONST 0(无)
13 RETURN_VALUE

>>> dis.dis()#反汇编上次堆栈跟踪
2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0(print)
- > 3 LOAD_FAST 0(a)
6 CALL_FUNCTION 1(1位置,0个关键字对)
9 POP_TOP

3 10 LOAD_CONST 1(0)
13 STORE_FAST 0( a)
16 LOAD_CONST 0(无)
19 RETURN_VALUE

我们看到错误再次出现在LOAD_FAST上。


I understand the concept of local and global variables in Python, but I just have a question about why the error comes out the way it is in the following code. Python execute the codes line by line, so it does not know that a is a local variable until it reads line 5. Does Python go back one line and tag it as an error after it tries to execute line 5?

a=0

def test():
    print a  #line 4, Error : local variable 'a' referenced before assignment
    a=0      #line 5

test()

解决方案

Setup and Testing

To analyze your question, let's create two separate test functions that replicate your issue:

a=0

def test1():
    print(a)

test1()

prints 0. So, calling this function is not problematic, but on the next function:

def test2():
    print(a)  # Error : local variable 'a' referenced before assignment
    a=0  

test2()

We get an error:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in test2
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'a' referenced before assignment

Disassembly

We can disassemble the two functions (first Python 2):

>>> import dis
>>> dis.dis(test1)
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (a)
              3 PRINT_ITEM          
              4 PRINT_NEWLINE       
              5 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
              8 RETURN_VALUE        

And we see that the first function automatically loads the global a, while the second function:

>>> dis.dis(test2)
  2           0 LOAD_FAST                0 (a)
              3 PRINT_ITEM          
              4 PRINT_NEWLINE       

  3           5 LOAD_CONST               1 (0)
              8 STORE_FAST               0 (a)
             11 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             14 RETURN_VALUE      

seeing that a is assigned inside it, attempts to LOAD_FAST from the locals (as a matter of optimization, as functions are pre-compiled into byte-code before running.)

If we run this in Python 3, we see nearly the same effect:

>>> test2()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in test2
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'a' referenced before assignment
>>> 
>>> import dis
>>> dis.dis(test1)
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (print) 
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (a) 
              6 CALL_FUNCTION            1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair) 
              9 POP_TOP              
             10 LOAD_CONST               0 (None) 
             13 RETURN_VALUE     

>>> dis.dis() # disassembles the last stack trace
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (print) 
    -->       3 LOAD_FAST                0 (a) 
              6 CALL_FUNCTION            1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair) 
              9 POP_TOP              

  3          10 LOAD_CONST               1 (0) 
             13 STORE_FAST               0 (a) 
             16 LOAD_CONST               0 (None) 
             19 RETURN_VALUE        

We see our error is on the LOAD_FAST again.

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