将功能分配给对象属性 [英] Assigning a function to an object attribute

问题描述

基于我对 Python的数据模型的理解，特别是在实例方法"小节中，每当您读取其值的类型为用户定义的函数"的属性时，都会有些魔力，并且您将获得绑定的实例方法，而不是实际的原始函数.这就是为什么在调用方法时没有显式传递self参数的原因.

Based on my understanding of Python's data model, and specifically the subsection "Instance Methods", whenever you read an attribute whose value is of type "user-defined function", some magic kicks in and you get a bound instance method instead of the actual, original function. That magic is why you don't explicitly pass the self parameter when you're calling a method.

但是，我希望能够用具有相同签名的函数替换对象的方法:

But then, I would expect to be able to replace an object's method with a function with the same signature:

class Scriptable:
    def __init__(self, script = None):
        if script is not None:
            self.script = script   # replace the method
    def script(self):
        print("greetings from the default script")

>>> scriptable = Scriptable()
>>> scriptable.script()
greetings from the default script

>>> def my_script(self):
...     print("greetings from my custom script")
...
>>> scriptable = Scriptable(my_script)
>>> scriptable.script()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
TypeError: script() takes exactly 1 positional argument (0 given)

我正在创建Scriptable的实例，并将其script属性设置为具有单个参数的用户定义函数，就像在类中定义的一样.因此，当我阅读scriptable.script属性时，我希望魔术能发挥作用，并为我提供一个不带参数的绑定实例方法(就像我不替换script时得到的一样).取而代之的是，它似乎还给了我传递的完全相同的功能，self参数以及所有功能.方法绑定魔术没有发生.

I'm creating an instance of Scriptable, and setting its script attribute to a user-defined function with a single parameter, just like what's defined in the class. So when I read the scriptable.script attribute, I would expect the magic to kick in and give me a bound instance method that takes no parameters (just like I get when I didn't replace script). Instead, it seems to be giving back the exact same function I passed in, self parameter and all. The method-binding magic isn't happening.

为什么在类声明中定义方法时方法绑定魔术有效，但在分配属性时却不起作用?是什么让Python对这些情况有不同的对待?

Why does the method-binding magic work when I define a method inside the class declaration, but not when I assign the attribute? What makes Python treat these situations differently?

如果有什么不同，我正在使用Python3.

I'm using Python3 if it makes any difference.

推荐答案

操作方法如下:

import types
class Scriptable:
    def __init__(self, script = None):
        if script is not None:
            self.script = types.MethodType(script, self)   # replace the method
    def script(self):
        print("greetings from the default script")

正如评论中的ba__friend所述，方法存储在class对象上.当您从实例访问属性时，类对象上的描述符将函数作为绑定方法返回.

As ba__friend noted in the comments, methods are stored on the class object. A descriptor on the class object returns functions as bound methods when you access the attribute from a instance.

当您将功能分配给instance时，不会发生任何特殊情况，因此您必须自己包装该功能.

When you assign a function to a instance nothing happens special happens, so you have to wrap the function yourself.

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