glGenVertexArrays Mac OSX PyOpenGL [英] glGenVertexArrays Mac OSX PyOpenGL

问题描述

我正在尝试在Mac(10.11.5)的PyOpenGL上运行glGenVertexArrays.它找不到它.

I'm trying to run glGenVertexArrays on PyOpenGL on my Mac (10.11.5). It is not finding it.

问题似乎是我的Mac(?)支持的OpenGL版本.我已经尝试研究此问题，但似乎该文档是为历史书呆子或琐事爱好者编写的，而我都不是.

The problem seems to be the version of OpenGL supported by my Mac (?). I've tried to research the issue but it seems that the documentation is written for either history nerds or trivia buffs, of which I am neither.

当我尝试这样做时:

print("OpenGL: " + str(glGetString(GL_VERSION)))
print('glGenVertexArrays Available %s' % bool(glGenVertexArrays))
vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)

我明白了:

OpenGL:2.1 NVIDIA-10.10.10 310.42.25f01

OpenGL: 2.1 NVIDIA-10.10.10 310.42.25f01

glGenVertexArrays可用False

glGenVertexArrays Available False

回溯(最近一次通话最后一次):文件"_ctypes/callbacks.c"，行 315，在调用回调函数"文件"draw.py"的第99行中， doRedraw mesh.draw()文件"/Users/carlos/vc/SimpleRender/Mesh.py"，第170行，在绘制中 vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)文件"/Users/carlos/.virtualenvs/janus/lib/python2.7/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/baseplatform.py"， 第407行，在致电中 self.名称，self.名称，OpenGL.error.NullFunctionError:尝试调用未定义的函数glGenVertexArrays，检查是否存在 调用前先bool(glGenVertexArrays)

Traceback (most recent call last): File "_ctypes/callbacks.c", line 315, in 'calling callback function' File "draw.py", line 99, in doRedraw mesh.draw() File "/Users/carlos/vc/SimpleRender/Mesh.py", line 170, in draw vao = glGenVertexArrays(1) File "/Users/carlos/.virtualenvs/janus/lib/python2.7/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/baseplatform.py", line 407, in call self.name, self.name, OpenGL.error.NullFunctionError: Attempt to call an undefined function glGenVertexArrays, check for bool(glGenVertexArrays) before calling

每个在线的人都参见此处似乎正在运行glGenVertexArrays没有问题. 这个家伙似乎遇到了我同样的问题，但是解决方案建议他(在我的PyOpenGL中未定义添加GLUT_PROFILE_3_2_CORE)

Everybody online see here, or here seems to be running glGenVertexArrays without problem. This guy seems to run into my same problem but the solution suggested to him (adding GLUT_PROFILE_3_2_CORE is not defined in my PyOpenGL)

我在做什么错了?

我尝试了pyglet和PyQt5(在python3下运行)，并且总是归结为缺少glGenVertexArrays.

I've tried pyglet and PyQt5 (running under python3) and it always comes down to missing glGenVertexArrays.

似乎(很多关于此的错误信息)我需要做的是设置Core Profile.我怎么做?如果我放弃了Python要求，会更容易吗?考虑一下我不是很笨拙，并且在将问题发布到这里之前，我已经对问题进行了很大的故障排除.

It seems (a lot of misinformation online about this) that what I need to do is set up the Core Profile. How do I do that? If I drop the Python requirement would it be easier? Consider that I'm not chump and that I've troubleshooted my problem significantly before posting it here.

我有:

我在裸机上运行，​​没有虚拟化，没有VM，没有Docker.

I'm running on the bare metal, not virtualization, no VM, no docker.

glxinfo的输出为:

The output for glxinfo is:

name of display: /private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.RUemSPHKIt/org.macosforge.xquartz:0
display: /private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.RUemSPHKIt/org.macosforge.xquartz:0  screen: 0
direct rendering: Yes
server glx vendor string: SGI
server glx version string: 1.4
server glx extensions:
    GLX_ARB_multisample, GLX_EXT_import_context, GLX_EXT_visual_info,
    GLX_EXT_visual_rating, GLX_OML_swap_method, GLX_SGIS_multisample,
    GLX_SGIX_fbconfig
client glx vendor string: Mesa Project and SGI
client glx version string: 1.4
client glx extensions:
    GLX_ARB_create_context, GLX_ARB_create_context_profile,
    GLX_ARB_create_context_robustness, GLX_ARB_fbconfig_float,
    GLX_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB, GLX_ARB_get_proc_address, GLX_ARB_multisample,
    GLX_EXT_buffer_age, GLX_EXT_create_context_es2_profile,
    GLX_EXT_create_context_es_profile, GLX_EXT_fbconfig_packed_float,
    GLX_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB, GLX_EXT_import_context,
    GLX_EXT_texture_from_pixmap, GLX_EXT_visual_info, GLX_EXT_visual_rating,
    GLX_INTEL_swap_event, GLX_MESA_copy_sub_buffer,
    GLX_MESA_multithread_makecurrent, GLX_MESA_query_renderer,
    GLX_MESA_swap_control, GLX_OML_swap_method, GLX_OML_sync_control,
    GLX_SGIS_multisample, GLX_SGIX_fbconfig, GLX_SGIX_pbuffer,
    GLX_SGIX_visual_select_group, GLX_SGI_make_current_read,
    GLX_SGI_swap_control, GLX_SGI_video_sync
GLX version: 1.4
GLX extensions:
    GLX_ARB_get_proc_address, GLX_ARB_multisample, GLX_EXT_import_context,
    GLX_EXT_visual_info, GLX_EXT_visual_rating,
    GLX_MESA_multithread_makecurrent, GLX_OML_swap_method,
    GLX_SGIS_multisample, GLX_SGIX_fbconfig
OpenGL vendor string: NVIDIA Corporation
OpenGL renderer string: NVIDIA GeForce GT 750M OpenGL Engine
OpenGL version string: 2.1 NVIDIA-10.10.10 310.42.25f01
OpenGL shading language version string: 1.20
OpenGL extensions:
    GL_APPLE_aux_depth_stencil, GL_APPLE_client_storage,
    GL_APPLE_element_array, GL_APPLE_fence, GL_APPLE_float_pixels,
    GL_APPLE_flush_buffer_range, GL_APPLE_flush_render,
    GL_APPLE_object_purgeable, GL_APPLE_packed_pixels, GL_APPLE_pixel_buffer,
    GL_APPLE_rgb_422, GL_APPLE_row_bytes, GL_APPLE_specular_vector,
    GL_APPLE_texture_range, GL_APPLE_transform_hint,
    GL_APPLE_vertex_array_object, GL_APPLE_vertex_array_range,
    GL_APPLE_vertex_point_size, GL_APPLE_vertex_program_evaluators,
    GL_APPLE_ycbcr_422, GL_ARB_color_buffer_float, GL_ARB_depth_buffer_float,
    GL_ARB_depth_clamp, GL_ARB_depth_texture, GL_ARB_draw_buffers,
    GL_ARB_draw_elements_base_vertex, GL_ARB_draw_instanced,
    GL_ARB_fragment_program, GL_ARB_fragment_program_shadow,
    GL_ARB_fragment_shader, GL_ARB_framebuffer_object,
    GL_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB, GL_ARB_half_float_pixel,
    GL_ARB_half_float_vertex, GL_ARB_imaging, GL_ARB_instanced_arrays,
    GL_ARB_multisample, GL_ARB_multitexture, GL_ARB_occlusion_query,
    GL_ARB_pixel_buffer_object, GL_ARB_point_parameters, GL_ARB_point_sprite,
    GL_ARB_provoking_vertex, GL_ARB_seamless_cube_map, GL_ARB_shader_objects,
    GL_ARB_shader_texture_lod, GL_ARB_shading_language_100, GL_ARB_shadow,
    GL_ARB_sync, GL_ARB_texture_border_clamp, GL_ARB_texture_compression,
    GL_ARB_texture_compression_rgtc, GL_ARB_texture_cube_map,
    GL_ARB_texture_env_add, GL_ARB_texture_env_combine,
    GL_ARB_texture_env_crossbar, GL_ARB_texture_env_dot3,
    GL_ARB_texture_float, GL_ARB_texture_mirrored_repeat,
    GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two, GL_ARB_texture_rectangle,
    GL_ARB_texture_rg, GL_ARB_transpose_matrix, GL_ARB_vertex_array_bgra,
    GL_ARB_vertex_blend, GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object, GL_ARB_vertex_program,
    GL_ARB_vertex_shader, GL_ARB_window_pos, GL_ATI_separate_stencil,
    GL_ATI_texture_env_combine3, GL_ATI_texture_float,
    GL_ATI_texture_mirror_once, GL_EXT_abgr, GL_EXT_bgra,
    GL_EXT_bindable_uniform, GL_EXT_blend_color,
    GL_EXT_blend_equation_separate, GL_EXT_blend_func_separate,
    GL_EXT_blend_minmax, GL_EXT_blend_subtract, GL_EXT_clip_volume_hint,
    GL_EXT_debug_label, GL_EXT_debug_marker, GL_EXT_depth_bounds_test,
    GL_EXT_draw_buffers2, GL_EXT_draw_range_elements, GL_EXT_fog_coord,
    GL_EXT_framebuffer_blit, GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample,
    GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample_blit_scaled, GL_EXT_framebuffer_object,
    GL_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB, GL_EXT_geometry_shader4,
    GL_EXT_gpu_program_parameters, GL_EXT_gpu_shader4,
    GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays, GL_EXT_packed_depth_stencil,
    GL_EXT_packed_float, GL_EXT_provoking_vertex, GL_EXT_rescale_normal,
    GL_EXT_secondary_color, GL_EXT_separate_specular_color,
    GL_EXT_shadow_funcs, GL_EXT_stencil_two_side, GL_EXT_stencil_wrap,
    GL_EXT_texture_array, GL_EXT_texture_compression_dxt1,
    GL_EXT_texture_compression_s3tc, GL_EXT_texture_env_add,
    GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic, GL_EXT_texture_integer,
    GL_EXT_texture_lod_bias, GL_EXT_texture_mirror_clamp,
    GL_EXT_texture_rectangle, GL_EXT_texture_sRGB, GL_EXT_texture_sRGB_decode,
    GL_EXT_texture_shared_exponent, GL_EXT_timer_query,
    GL_EXT_transform_feedback, GL_EXT_vertex_array_bgra,
    GL_IBM_rasterpos_clip, GL_NV_blend_square, GL_NV_conditional_render,
    GL_NV_depth_clamp, GL_NV_fog_distance, GL_NV_fragment_program2,
    GL_NV_fragment_program_option, GL_NV_light_max_exponent,
    GL_NV_multisample_filter_hint, GL_NV_point_sprite,
    GL_NV_texgen_reflection, GL_NV_texture_barrier,
    GL_NV_vertex_program2_option, GL_NV_vertex_program3,
    GL_SGIS_generate_mipmap, GL_SGIS_texture_edge_clamp, GL_SGIS_texture_lod

128 GLX Visuals
...

推荐答案

首先，我建议您每次使用Opengl函数时，都应检查运行该版本所需的opengl版本是否没有问题，例如，如果我们查看 glGenVertexArrays ，我们将看到您需要Opengl> = 3.0.现在，执行glGetString(GL_VERSION)时获得2.1版本的原因是由于您拥有一张非常旧的卡(不太可能)，或者是因为您尚未启用Opengl核心配置文件.完成此操作后，您应该会看到正确的Opengl版本并正在运行现代的Opengl功能，例如您所要求的功能.

First of all, I'd suggest each time you use an Opengl function you check which opengl version is required to run it with not problems, for instance, if we look at glGenVertexArrays we'll see you need Opengl >= 3.0. Now, the reason you're getting 2.1 version when doing glGetString(GL_VERSION) is either because you got a really old card (unlikely) or because you haven't enabled the Opengl core profile. Once you do that you should see the right Opengl version and running modern Opengl functions such as the one you're asking for.

在某些情况下，例如使用pyqt opengl小部件，上下文设置将在幕后为您完成……或者正如您所提到的，如果您使用的是过剩，则会有一个功能.

In some cases like using pyqt opengl widgets, the context setup will be done behind the curtains for you... Or as you're mentioning if you're using glut there will be a feature to do so.

一种手动​​启用核心配置文件的方法，如果您是opengl的初学者，这可能会很麻烦，如果您只是想使用opengl而又不感到过多困惑，我建议您在pyopengl之上使用一些东西，例如pyqt，pyglet，glut，pygame等.有很多包装器，您会发现自己无法进行手动设置.在下面，您将找到一个使用QGlWidget的简单示例，该示例随PyQt5(pip install PyQt5)一起提供，应该可以立即使用:

One way it'd be enabling the core profile manually, which can be tidious if you're a beginner with opengl, if you just want to use opengl without too much hazzle I'd recommend to use something on top of pyopengl, such as pyqt, pyglet, glut, pygame... There are tons of wrappers where you won't find yourself making the manual setup. Below you'll find a simple example which uses QGlWidget which comes with PyQt5 (pip install PyQt5) which should work out of the box:

import textwrap
import sys
import time
import ctypes
from array import array

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
from PyQt5.QtOpenGL import QGLWidget
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication

from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *


class FooOpengl(QGLWidget):

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # Test to show how at this point Opengl Context setup hasn't been done
        # and therefore will crash
        print('{:*^80}'.format('Opengl Context not ready'))
        try:
            print(self._opengl_info())
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)

        self.start_time = time.clock()
        self.startTimer(0)

    def initializeGL(self):
        # Test to show how at this point Opengl Context is ready to go
        print('{:*^80}'.format('Opengl Context ready'))
        print(self._opengl_info())

        # Shaders: Trivial program
        vs_source = textwrap.dedent("""
            #version 330
            in vec3 position;
            void main()
            {
               gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
            }\
        """)

        fs_source = textwrap.dedent("""
            #version 330
            void main()
            {
               gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
            }\
        """)

        vs = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
        glShaderSource(vs, vs_source)
        glCompileShader(vs)
        fs = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
        glShaderSource(fs, fs_source)
        glCompileShader(fs)

        self.program = glCreateProgram()
        glAttachShader(self.program, fs)
        glAttachShader(self.program, vs)
        glLinkProgram(self.program)

        vertices = [
            0.0, 0.5, 0.0,
            0.5, -0.5, 0.0,
            -0.5, -0.5, 0.0
        ]

        vbo = glGenBuffers(1)
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo)

        self.vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)
        glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
        position = glGetAttribLocation(self.program, 'position')
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(position)
        glVertexAttribPointer(
            position, 3, GL_FLOAT, False, 0, ctypes.c_void_p(0))

        glBufferData(
            GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, array("f", vertices).tostring(), GL_STATIC_DRAW)
        glBindVertexArray(0)
        glDisableVertexAttribArray(position)
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)

    def timerEvent(self, event):
        elapsed = time.clock() - self.start_time
        self.repaint()

    def paintGL(self):
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
        glLoadIdentity()
        glUseProgram(self.program)

        glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3)
        glBindVertexArray(0)

        glUseProgram(0)

    def _opengl_info(self):
        return textwrap.dedent("""\
            Vendor: {0}
            Renderer: {1}
            OpenGL Version: {2}
            Shader Version: {3}
            Num Extensions: {4}
            Extensions: {5}
        """).format(
            glGetString(GL_VENDOR).decode("utf-8"),
            glGetString(GL_RENDERER).decode("utf-8"),
            glGetString(GL_VERSION).decode("utf-8"),
            glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION).decode("utf-8"),
            glGetIntegerv(GL_NUM_EXTENSIONS),
            glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS)
        )

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    ex = FooOpengl()
    ex.show()

    sys.exit(app.exec_())

这只是一个简单的测试，向您显示在上下文准备就绪时和未准备就绪时会发生什么，它还为您提供了有关使用vbo + vao + shader的更多帮助，它应该为您提供类似于以下内容的内容:

It's just a simple test which shows you what happens when the context is ready and when is not, also it gives you some extra candies about the usage of vbo+vao+shaders, it should give you something similar to this:

这应该可以让您入门...正如我说过的那样，opengl上面有很多包装，如果不是pyglet，则pygame是python社区中非常有名的一个，它也很酷功能.

This should be alright to get you started... As I've said, there are tons of wrappers on top of opengl, if not pyglet, pygame is a very famous one in the python community and it got tons of cool features.

这篇关于glGenVertexArrays Mac OSX PyOpenGL的文章就介绍到这了，希望我们推荐的答案对大家有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持IT屋！