在Puppet中，资源抽象层(RAL)可以被视为整个基础架构和Puppet设置工作的核心概念化模型.在RAL中，每个字母表都有其重要含义，定义如下.
资源可视为全部用于为Puppet中的任何配置建模的资源.它们基本上是内置资源，默认情况下存在于Puppet中.它们可以被视为属于预定义资源类型的一组资源.它们与任何其他编程语言中的OOP概念类似，其中对象是类的实例.在Puppet中，它的资源是资源类型的实例.
抽象可以被视为资源的关键特征独立于目标OS定义.换句话说，在编写任何清单文件时，用户无需担心该特定机器上存在的目标机器或OS.在抽象中，资源提供了关于Puppet代理上需要存在的内容的足够信息.
Puppet将处理场景背后发生的所有功能或魔法.无论资源和操作系统如何，Puppet都会负责在目标机器上实现配置，其中用户无需担心Puppet在幕后的行为.
在抽象中，Puppet分离出来其实施的资源.此特定于平台的配置存在于提供程序中.我们可以使用多个子命令及其提供者.
有可能用术语定义整个机器设置和配置资源集合，可以通过Puppet的CLI界面查看和管理.
[root@puppetmaster ~]# puppet describe user --providers
user
====
Manage users.
This type is mostly built to manage systemusers,
so it is lacking some features useful for managing normalusers.
This resource type uses the prescribed native tools for
creating groups and generally uses POSIX APIs for retrieving informationabout them.
It does not directly modify '/etc/passwd' or anything.
- **comment**
A description of the user. Generally the user's full name.
- **ensure**
The basic state that the object should be in.
Valid values are 'present', 'absent', 'role'.
- **expiry**
The expiry date for this user.
Must be provided in a zero-padded YYYY-MM-DD format --- e.g. 2010-02-19.
If you want to make sure the user account does never expire,
you can pass the special value 'absent'.
Valid values are 'absent'.
Values can match '/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/'.
Requires features manages_expiry.
- **forcelocal**
Forces the management of local accounts when accounts are also
being managed by some other NSS
Valid values are 'true', 'false', 'yes', 'no'.
Requires features libuser.
- **gid**
The user's primary group. Can be specified numerically or by name.
This attribute is not supported on Windows systems; use the ‘groups’
attribute instead. (On Windows, designating a primary group is only
meaningful for domain accounts, which Puppet does not currently manage.)
- **groups**
The groups to which the user belongs. The primary group should
not be listed, and groups should be identified by name rather than by
GID. Multiple groups should be specified as an array.
- **home**
The home directory of the user. The directory must be created
separately and is not currently checked for existence.
- **ia_load_module**
The name of the I&A module to use to manage this user.
Requires features manages_aix_lam.
- **iterations**
This is the number of iterations of a chained computation of the
password hash (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2).
This parameter is used in OS X.
This field is required for managing passwords on OS X >= 10.8.
- **key_membership**
Whether specified key/value pairs should be considered the
**complete list** ('inclusive') or the **minimum list** ('minimum') of
the user's attributes. Defaults to 'minimum'.
Valid values are 'inclusive', 'minimum'.
- **keys**
Specify user attributes in an array of key = value pairs.
Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.
- **managehome**
Whether to manage the home directory when managing the user.
This will create the home directory when 'ensure => present', and
delete the home directory when ‘ensure => absent’. Defaults to ‘false’.
Valid values are ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘yes’, ‘no’.
- **membership**
Whether specified groups should be considered the **complete list**
(‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of groups to which
the user belongs. Defaults to ‘minimum’.
Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.
- **name**
The user name. While naming limitations vary by operating system,
it is advisable to restrict names to the lowest common denominator.
- **password**
The user's password, in whatever encrypted format the local system requires.
* Most modern Unix-like systems use salted SHA1 password hashes. You can use
Puppet's built-in ‘sha1’ function to generate a hash from a password.
* Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.6 also use salted SHA1 hashes.
* Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion) uses salted SHA512 hashes.
The Puppet Labs [stdlib][] module contains a ‘str2saltedsha512’
function which can generate password hashes for Lion.
* Mac OS X 10.8 and higher use salted SHA512 PBKDF2 hashes.
When managing passwords on these systems the salt and iterations properties
need to be specified as well as the password.
[stdlib]: https://img01.yuandaxia.cn/Content/img/tutorials/puppet/
Be sure to enclose any value that includes a dollar sign ($) in single
quotes (') to avoid accidental variable interpolation.
Requires features manages_passwords.
- **password_max_age**
The maximum number of days a password may be used before it must be changed.
Requires features manages_password_age.
- **password_min_age**
The minimum number of days a password must be used before it may be changed.
Requires features manages_password_age.
- **profile_membership**
Whether specified roles should be treated as the **complete list**
(‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of roles
of which the user is a member. Defaults to ‘minimum’.
Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.
- **profiles**
The profiles the user has. Multiple profiles should be
specified as an array.
Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.
- **project**
The name of the project associated with a user.
Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.
- **purge_ssh_keys**
Purge ssh keys authorized for the user
if they are not managed via ssh_authorized_keys.
When true, looks for keys in .ssh/authorized_keys in the user's home directory.
Possible values are true, false, or an array of
paths to file to search for authorized keys.
If a path starts with ~ or %h, this token is replaced with the user's home directory.
Valid values are ‘true’, ‘false’.
- **role_membership**
Whether specified roles should be considered the **complete list**
(‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of roles the user has.
Defaults to ‘minimum’.
Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.
- **roles**
The roles the user has. Multiple roles should be
specified as an array.
Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.
- **salt**
This is the 32 byte salt used to generate the PBKDF2 password used in
OS X. This field is required for managing passwords on OS X >= 10.8.
Requires features manages_password_salt.
- **shell**
The user's login shell. The shell must exist and be
executable.
This attribute cannot be managed on Windows systems.
Requires features manages_shell.
- **system**
Whether the user is a system user, according to the OS's criteria;
on most platforms, a UID less than or equal to 500 indicates a system
user. Defaults to ‘false’.
Valid values are ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘yes’, ‘no’.
- **uid**
The user ID; must be specified numerically. If no user ID is
specified when creating a new user, then one will be chosen
automatically. This will likely result in the same user having
different UIDs on different systems, which is not recommended.
This is especially noteworthy when managing the same user on both Darwin and
other platforms, since Puppet does UID generation on Darwin, but
the underlying tools do so on other platforms.
On Windows, this property is read-only and will return the user's
security identifier (SID).
Providers
---------
- **aix**
User management for AIX.
* Required binaries: '/bin/chpasswd', '/usr/bin/chuser',
'/usr/bin/mkuser', '/usr/sbin/lsgroup', '/usr/sbin/lsuser',
'/usr/sbin/rmuser'.
* Default for ‘operatingsystem’ == ‘aix’.
* Supported features: ‘manages_aix_lam’, ‘manages_expiry’,
‘manages_homedir’, ‘manages_password_age’, ‘manages_passwords’,
‘manages_shell’.
- **directoryservice**
User management on OS X.
* Required binaries: ‘/usr/bin/dscacheutil’, ‘/usr/bin/dscl’,
‘/usr/bin/dsimport’, ‘/usr/bin/plutil’, ‘/usr/bin/uuidgen’.
* Default for ‘operatingsystem’ == ‘darwin’.
* Supported features: ‘manages_password_salt’, ‘manages_passwords’,
‘manages_shell’.
- **hpuxuseradd**
User management for HP-UX. This provider uses the undocumented ‘-F’
switch to HP-UX's special ‘usermod’ binary to work around the fact that
its standard ‘usermod’ cannot make changes while the user is logged in.
* Required binaries: ‘/usr/sam/lbin/useradd.sam’,
‘/usr/sam/lbin/userdel.sam’, ‘/usr/sam/lbin/usermod.sam’.
* Default for ‘operatingsystem’ == ‘hp-ux’.
* Supported features: ‘allows_duplicates’, ‘manages_homedir’,
‘manages_passwords’.
- **ldap**
User management via LDAP.
This provider requires that you have valid values for all of the
LDAP-related settings in ‘puppet.conf’, including ‘ldapbase’.
You will almost definitely need settings for ‘ldapuser’ and ‘ldappassword’ in order
for your clients to write to LDAP.
* Supported features: ‘manages_passwords’, ‘manages_shell’.
- **pw**
User management via ‘pw’ on FreeBSD and DragonFly BSD.
* Required binaries: ‘pw’.
* Default for ‘operatingsystem’ == ‘freebsd, dragonfly’.
* Supported features: ‘allows_duplicates’, ‘manages_expiry’,
‘manages_homedir’, ‘manages_passwords’, ‘manages_shell’.
- **user_role_add**
User and role management on Solaris, via ‘useradd’ and ‘roleadd’.
* Required binaries: ‘passwd’, ‘roleadd’, ‘roledel’, ‘rolemod’,
‘useradd’, ‘userdel’, ‘usermod’.
* Default for ‘osfamily’ == ‘solaris’.
* Supported features: ‘allows_duplicates’, ‘manages_homedir’,
‘manages_password_age’, ‘manages_passwords’, ‘manages_solaris_rbac’.
- **useradd**
User management via ‘useradd’ and its ilk. Note that you will need to
install Ruby's shadow password library (often known as ‘ruby-libshadow’)
if you wish to manage user passwords.
* Required binaries: ‘chage’, ‘luseradd’, ‘useradd’, ‘userdel’, ‘usermod’.
* Supported features: ‘allows_duplicates’, ‘libuser’, ‘manages_expiry’,
‘manages_homedir’, ‘manages_password_age’, ‘manages_passwords’,
‘manages_shell’, ‘system_users’.
- **windows_adsi**
Local user management for Windows.
* Default for 'operatingsystem' == 'windows'.
* Supported features: 'manages_homedir', 'manages_passwords'.在Puppet中，直接测试资源表明需要首先应用人们想要的资源用于配置目标节点，以便相应地更改机器的状态.
为了进行测试，我们将在本地应用资源.因为我们有一个上面用 user = vipin 预定义的资源.应用资源的一种方法是通过CLI.这可以通过将完整资源重写为单个命令然后将其传递给资源子命令来完成.
puppet resource user vipin ensure = present uid ='505' shell ='/bin/bash'home ='/home/vipin'
测试应用的资源.
[root @ puppetmaster~] #cat/etc/passwd | grep"vipin" vipin:x:505:501 ::/home/vipin:/bin/bash
以上输出显示资源应用于系统，我们有一个名为Vipin的新用户.建议您自行测试，因为所有上述代码都经过测试并且是工作代码.
