Python类实例__dict__并不包含所有实例变量。为什么? [英] Python class instance __dict__ doesn't contain all instance variables. Why?

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问题描述

这里有一个关于实例变量的新手Python问题。

Here's a bit of a newbie Python question about instance variables.

请考虑以下Python 2.7类定义:

Consider the following Python 2.7 class definition:

class Foo(object):
    a = 1

    def __init__(self):
            self.b = 2

    def __repr__(self):
            return "%s" % self.__dict__

现在,当我创建 Foo 的实例时, Foo .__ dict __ 包含 b ,但不是 a

Now, when I create an instance of Foo, Foo.__dict__ contains b, but not a.

>>> x=Foo()
>>> x
{'b': 2}
>>> dir(x)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', 
 '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', 
 '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__',
 '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b']
>>> x.__dict__
{'b': 2}

在这里,我以为我有一个相当了解Python的方式。

And here I thought I had a pretty good grasp on the Way of the Python.

x.a x.b 有什么区别?据我所知,它们都是实例变量。

What's the difference between x.a and x.b? As far as I can tell they're both instance variables.

编辑:好的,重新读取 Python文档我看到 Foo.a class属性,而不是实例变量。嗯...我猜是因为我可以为 xa 分配一个新值,而新值只会影响 x 实例-我想我现在在 Foo.a 属性顶部的成员变量中使用别名:

Edit: OK, re-reading the Python docs I see that Foo.a is a class attribute rather than an instance variable. Hm... I guess the confusion comes from the fact that I can assign a new value to x.a and the new value only affects the x instance -- I suppose I'm now aliasing a member variable over the top of the Foo.a attribute:

>>> y=Foo()
>>> y.a = 2
>>> y
{'a': 2, 'b': 2}
>>> x
{'b': 2}
>>> x.a
1
>>> z=Foo()
>>> z
{'b': 2}
>>> z.a
1
>>> Foo.a
1
>>> x.a
1
>>> y.a
2

所以,现在我覆盖了以前的 Foo.a ,它会影响所有 Foo 没有别名为 Foo.a

So, now I overwrite the previous value of Foo.a, and it affects all instances of Foo that haven't aliased Foo.a:

>>> Foo.a=999
>>> x.a
999
>>> y.a
2


推荐答案

您的 a 不是实例变量。您将其定义为类的一部分。

Your a isn't an instance variable. You defined it as part of the class.

>>> class Foo(object):
...    a = 1
...
>>> Foo.a
1

如果要使用实例变量,应将其放在 __ init __ 方法,因为在创建对象时会调用此方法。

If you want an instance variable you should put it inside the __init__ method, because this method is called when your object is created.

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