Tkinter类结构（每帧类）与小部件复制有关 [英] Tkinter Class structure (class per frame) issue with duplicating widgets

问题描述

我一直在尝试将OOP与Tkinter一起使用-我正在慢慢到达那里（我认为）...

Ive been trying out OOP for use with Tkinter - Im getting there (I think) slowly...

我想建立一个处理每个帧的结构按其自己的类，包括其所有小部件和功能。也许我从错误的角度出发，但这对我来说是最合乎逻辑的。 -随时告诉我您是否同意！

I wanted to build a structure where each frame is handled by its own class, including all of its widgets and functions. Perhaps I am coming from the wrong angle but that is what makes most logical sense to me. - Feel free to tell me if you agree / disagree!

我知道问题出在什么地方-当我将每个类都称为我的 __ init __ 每次运行并构建相关的小部件，无论它们是否已存在于框架中。但是，我能想到的唯一方法是在主类 GUI_Start __ init __ 中构建每个框架c>。 -尽管这看起来像是一个杂乱无章的解决方案。

I know why the problem is happening - when im calling each class my __init__ runs everytime and builds the relevant widgets regardless of whether they are already present in the frame. However, the only way I can think of getting round this would be to build each frame in the __init__ of my primary class GUI_Start. - Although this seems like a messy and un-organised soloution to the problem.

有没有一种方法可以使每个类都负责自己的功能和小部件，但不必每次都构建框架？

Is there a way I can achieve a structure where each class takes care of its own functions and widgets but doesn't build the frame each time?

请参阅以下问题的最小示例：

See below for minimal example of the issue:

from Tkinter import *

class GUI_Start:

    def __init__(self, master):
        self.master = master
        self.master.geometry('300x300')
        self.master.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        self.master.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
        self.win_colour = '#D2B48C'
        self.frames = {}

        for window in ['win1', 'win2']:
            frame = Frame(self.master, bg=self.win_colour, bd=10, relief=GROOVE)
            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='news')
            setattr(self, window, frame)
            self.frames[window] = frame

        Page_1(self.frames)

    def Next_Page(self, frames, controller):
        controller(frames)


class Page_1(GUI_Start):

    def __init__(self, master):
        self.master = master
        self.master['win1'].tkraise()

        page1_label = Label(self.master['win1'], text='PAGE 1')
        page1_label.pack(fill=X)

        page1_button = Button(self.master['win1'], text='Visit Page 2...', command=lambda: self.Next_Page(self.master, Page_2))
        page1_button.pack(fill=X, side=BOTTOM)


class Page_2(GUI_Start):

    def __init__(self, master):
        self.master = master
        self.master['win2'].tkraise()

        page2_label = Label(self.master['win2'], text='PAGE 2')
        page2_label.pack(fill=X)

        page2_button = Button(self.master['win2'], text='Back to Page 1...', command=lambda: self.Next_Page(self.master, Page_1))
        page2_button.pack(fill=X, side=BOTTOM)


root = Tk()
gui = GUI_Start(root)
root.mainloop()

请随意批评我的结构

任何反馈将不胜感激！
Luke

Any feedback would be much appreciated! Luke

推荐答案

使用类的目的是将一堆行为封装为一个单元。对象不应修改自身以外的任何内容。至少不是简单地创建对象，而是可以有可能产生副作用的方法。

The point of using classes is to encapsulate a bunch of behavior as a single unit. An object shouldn't modify anything outside of itself. At least, not by simply creating the object -- you can have methods that can have side effects.

在我看来，创建页面的正确方法是：从 Frame 继承。属于页面的所有小部件都必须具有对象本身作为其父对象。例如：

In my opinion, the proper way to create "pages" is to inherit from Frame. All of the widgets that belong to the "page" must have the object itself as its parent. For example:

class PageOne(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent):
        # use the __init__ of the superclass to create the actual frame
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)

        # all other widgets use self (or some descendant of self)
        # as their parent

        self.label = tk.Label(self, ...)
        self.button = tk.Button(self, ...)
        ...

完成后，您可以将此类的实例视为单个小部件：

Once done, you can treat instances of this class as if they were a single widget:

root = tk.Tk()
page1 = PageOne(root)
page1.pack(fill="both", expand=True)

您也可以创建基础 Page 类，并且如果您的所有页面都有一些共同点（例如，页眉或页脚），则让您的实际页面继承该类

You can also create a base Page class, and have your actual pages inherit from it, if all of your pages have something in common (for example, a header or footer)

class Page(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        <code common to all pages goes here>

class PageOne(Page):
    def __init__(self, parent):
        # initialize the parent class
        Page.__init__(self, parent)

        <code unique to page one goes here>

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