Python：无需初始化即可定义对象变量 [英] Python: define object variable without initialization

问题描述

我正在尝试将我的代码从一个大函数重写为oop。

I am trying to rewrite my code from one big function to oop.

如果我有此代码，它会在<$ c上崩溃$ c> session.add（a1）＃无法解析的引用：

If I have this, it crash on session.add(a1) # Unresolved reference:

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import *
from sqlalchemy.orm import *

Base = declarative_base()

class Address(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'address'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    street = Column(String, nullable=False)
    city = Column(String, nullable=False)
    user = relationship('User', back_populates="address")

class Main():
    def __init__(self):
        engine = create_engine('mysql://test:test@localhost:3306/test', echo=False)
        Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
        session = Session()

    def insert(self):
        #   INSERT
        a1 = Address()
        a1.street = "Str 123"
        a1.city = "City WTF"

        session.add(a1) # Unresolved reference
        session.commit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    Main().run()

我了解。 会话是构造函数中的本地对象（ __ init __ ）。

I understand it. session is local object in constructor (__init__).

但是如何将对象直接放在类上？
在Java中，我会执行以下操作：

But how can I put object "directly to class"? In Java I do something like:

public class Main {
    Engine engine;
    Session session;
    public Main() {}
        engine = create_engine('mysql://test:test@localhost:3306/test', echo=False)
        session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    }
    private insert() {
        //...
        session.commit();
    }
}

如何在python中做到这一点？ 抱歉，我是python新手。

How can I do it in python? Sorry for stupid question, I am python newbie.

------------------ ---编辑：

---------------------

class Main():
    engine = None # What I write here? How declare uninitialized object?
    session = None # What I write here?
    def __init__(self):
        engine = create_engine('mysql://test:test@localhost:3306/test', echo=False)
        Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
        session = Session()

    def insert(self):
        #   INSERT
        a1 = Address()
        a1.street = "Str 123"
        a1.city = "City WTF"
        self.session.add(a1) # Is possible to call session without "self"?
        self.session.commit()

推荐答案

Main 类中的方法看起来像它们属于 Address 类中。

The methods on your Main class look like they belong in the Address class.

engine = create_engine('mysql://test:test@localhost:3306/test', echo=False)
session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

class Address(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'address'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    street = Column(String, nullable=False)
    city = Column(String, nullable=False)
    # you are missing some fields you'll need eventually
    state = Column(String, nullable=False)
    zip_code = Column(String, nullable=False)  # this can be an int if you don't have to worry about Canadian zips which have letters in them
    user = relationship('User', back_populates="address")

    def __init__(self, street, city, state, zip_code, user):
        self.street = street
        self.city = city
        self.state = state
        self.zip_code = zip_code
        self.user = user

    def insert(self, session):
        #   INSERT
        session.add(self)
        session.commit()

您不应将会话创建为类的一部分，因为那样的话，每次实例化一个类时，您都将创建一个新的会话。将会话保留在全局空间中，并将其传递给需要它作为参数的方法/函数（不要使用 global ）。

You shouldn't create the session as part of a class because then you will be creating a new one every time you instantiate a class. Keep the session in the global space and pass it in to your methods/functions that need it as a parameter (don't use global).

现在一切都放在正确的位置，您可以像这样使用它：

Now with everything in right place you can use it like this:

from models import session, Address
addr = Address('123 Test St.', 'Sometown', 'NY', '12345', some_user)
addr.insert(session)

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