用R进行总体数据的线性回归分析 [英] Linear Regression Analysis of population data with R
本文介绍了用R进行总体数据的线性回归分析的处理方法，对大家解决问题具有一定的参考价值，需要的朋友们下面随着小编来一起学习吧！
问题描述
我有一个家庭作业，我需要根据美国人口数据获取一个CSV文件，并对内部数据进行一些数据分析。我需要找到针对我的州而存在的数据，并且对于初学者而言，需要运行线性回归分析来预测人口规模。
I have a homework assignment where I need to take a CSV file based around population data around the United States and do some data analysis on the data inside. I need to find the data that exists for my state and for starters run a Linear Regression Analysis to predict the size of the population.
我一直在研究R几周后，经历了LinkedIn学习培训以及有关R的复数形式的2次不同的培训。我还尝试了寻找如何在R中进行线性回归分析的方法，并且当R出现时，我找到了大量的示例。
I've been studying R for a few weeks now, went through a LinkedIn Learning training, as well as 2 different trainings on pluralsight about R. I have also tried searching for how to do a Linear Regression Analysis in R and I find plenty of examples for how to do it when the data is perfectly laid out in a table in just the right way to Analyze.
CSV数据的布局方式使每个状态都定义在一行/行上，因此可以将数据完美地布置在表中。我使用过滤器功能仅获取我州的数据并将其放入变量中。
The CSV file is laid out so that each state is defined on a single line/row so I used the filter function to grab just the data for my State and put it into a variable.
在该数据集中，总体数据是在几列中定义的，其中最重要的是数据是2010年至2018年每年的人口估计数。
Within that dataset the population data is defined across several columns with the most important data being the Population Estimates for each year from 2010 to 2018.
library(tidyverse)
population.data <- read_csv("nst-est2018-alldata.csv")
mn.state.data <- filter(population.data, NAME == "Minnesota")
我在寻找为了帮助您朝正确的方向发展，我想我将需要创建一个容器数据集1，其中包含2010年至2018年的每年数据，其中包含每个年份的人口数据。然后将xyplot函数与这两个容器一起使用？如果您在这方面有经验，请帮助我仔细考虑这个问题，我不是在寻找任何人为我做作业，而只是希望得到一些帮助来仔细考虑一下。
I'm looking for some help to get headed in the right direction my thought is that I will need to create to containers of data 1 having each year from 2010 to 2018 and one that contains the population data for each of those years. And then use the xyplot function with those two containers? If you have some experience in this area please help me think this through I'm not looking for anybody to do the assignment for me just want some help trying to think it through.
编辑：这是
dput(head(population.data))
命令：
structure(list(SUMLEV = c("010", "020", "020", "020", "020",
"040"), REGION = c("0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "3"), DIVISION = c("0",
"0", "0", "0", "0", "6"), STATE = c("00", "00", "00", "00", "00",
"01"), NAME = c("United States", "Northeast Region", "Midwest Region",
"South Region", "West Region", "Alabama"), CENSUS2010POP = c(308745538L,
55317240L, 66927001L, 114555744L, 71945553L, 4779736L), ESTIMATESBASE2010
= c(308758105L,
55318430L, 66929743L, 114563045L, 71946887L, 4780138L), POPESTIMATE2010 =
c(309326085L,
55380645L, 66974749L, 114867066L, 72103625L, 4785448L), POPESTIMATE2011 =
c(311580009L,
55600532L, 67152631L, 116039399L, 72787447L, 4798834L), POPESTIMATE2012 =
c(313874218L,
55776729L, 67336937L, 117271075L, 73489477L, 4815564L), POPESTIMATE2013 =
c(316057727L,
55907823L, 67564135L, 118393244L, 74192525L, 4830460L), POPESTIMATE2014 =
c(318386421L,
56015864L, 67752238L, 119657737L, 74960582L, 4842481L), POPESTIMATE2015 =
c(320742673L,
56047587L, 67869139L, 121037542L, 75788405L, 4853160L), POPESTIMATE2016 =
c(323071342L,
56058789L, 67996917L, 122401186L, 76614450L, 4864745L), POPESTIMATE2017 =
c(325147121L,
56072676L, 68156035L, 123598424L, 77319986L, 4875120L), POPESTIMATE2018 =
c(327167434L,
56111079L, 68308744L, 124753948L, 77993663L, 4887871L), NPOPCHG_2010 =
c(567980L,
62215L, 45006L, 304021L, 156738L, 5310L), NPOPCHG_2011 = c(2253924L,
219887L, 177882L, 1172333L, 683822L, 13386L), NPOPCHG_2012 = c(2294209L,
176197L, 184306L, 1231676L, 702030L, 16730L), NPOPCHG_2013 = c(2183509L,
131094L, 227198L, 1122169L, 703048L, 14896L), NPOPCHG_2014 = c(2328694L,
108041L, 188103L, 1264493L, 768057L, 12021L), NPOPCHG_2015 = c(2356252L,
31723L, 116901L, 1379805L, 827823L, 10679L), NPOPCHG_2016 = c(2328669L,
11202L, 127778L, 1363644L, 826045L, 11585L), NPOPCHG_2017 = c(2075779L,
13887L, 159118L, 1197238L, 705536L, 10375L), NPOPCHG_2018 = c(2020313L,
38403L, 152709L, 1155524L, 673677L, 12751L), BIRTHS2010 = c(987836L,
163454L, 212614L, 368752L, 243016L, 14227L), BIRTHS2011 = c(3973485L,
646265L, 834909L, 1509597L, 982714L, 59689L), BIRTHS2012 = c(3936976L,
637904L, 830701L, 1504936L, 963435L, 59070L), BIRTHS2013 = c(3940576L,
635741L, 830869L, 1504799L, 969167L, 57936L), BIRTHS2014 = c(3963195L,
632433L, 836505L, 1525280L, 968977L, 58907L), BIRTHS2015 = c(3992376L,
634515L, 837968L, 1545722L, 974171L, 59637L), BIRTHS2016 = c(3962654L,
628039L, 831667L, 1541342L, 961606L, 59388L), BIRTHS2017 = c(3901982L,
616552L, 816177L, 1519944L, 949309L, 58259L), BIRTHS2018 = c(3855500L,
609336L, 804431L, 1499838L, 941895L, 57216L), DEATHS2010 = c(598691L,
110848L, 140785L, 228706L, 118352L, 11073L), DEATHS2011 = c(2512442L,
470816L, 586840L, 962751L, 492035L, 48818L), DEATHS2012 = c(2501531L,
460985L, 584817L, 960575L, 495154L, 48364L), DEATHS2013 = c(2608019L,
480032L, 605188L, 1011093L, 511706L, 50847L), DEATHS2014 = c(2582448L,
470196L, 597078L, 1006057L, 509117L, 49692L), DEATHS2015 = c(2699826L,
488881L, 626494L, 1052360L, 532091L, 51820L), DEATHS2016 = c(2703215L,
480331L, 619471L, 1058173L, 545240L, 51662L), DEATHS2017 = c(2779436L,
501022L, 620556L, 1092949L, 564909L, 53033L), DEATHS2018 = c(2814013L,
506909L, 621030L, 1109152L, 576922L, 53425L), NATURALINC2010 = c(389145L,
52606L, 71829L, 140046L, 124664L, 3154L), NATURALINC2011 = c(1461043L,
175449L, 248069L, 546846L, 490679L, 10871L), NATURALINC2012 = c(1435445L,
176919L, 245884L, 544361L, 468281L, 10706L), NATURALINC2013 = c(1332557L,
155709L, 225681L, 493706L, 457461L, 7089L), NATURALINC2014 = c(1380747L,
162237L, 239427L, 519223L, 459860L, 9215L), NATURALINC2015 = c(1292550L,
145634L, 211474L, 493362L, 442080L, 7817L), NATURALINC2016 = c(1259439L,
147708L, 212196L, 483169L, 416366L, 7726L), NATURALINC2017 = c(1122546L,
115530L, 195621L, 426995L, 384400L, 5226L), NATURALINC2018 = c(1041487L,
102427L, 183401L, 390686L, 364973L, 3791L), INTERNATIONALMIG2010 =
c(178835L,
45723L, 25158L, 68742L, 39212L, 928L), INTERNATIONALMIG2011 = c(792881L,
206686L, 116948L, 285343L, 183904L, 4716L), INTERNATIONALMIG2012 =
c(858764L,
207584L, 120995L, 344198L, 185987L, 5874L), INTERNATIONALMIG2013 =
c(850952L,
194103L, 126681L, 329897L, 200271L, 5111L), INTERNATIONALMIG2014 =
c(947947L,
222685L, 134310L, 365281L, 225671L, 3753L), INTERNATIONALMIG2015 =
c(1063702L,
227275L, 142759L, 429088L, 264580L, 4685L), INTERNATIONALMIG2016 =
c(1069230L,
236718L, 144859L, 436795L, 250858L, 5950L), INTERNATIONALMIG2017 =
c(953233L,
215872L, 126013L, 404582L, 206766L, 3190L), INTERNATIONALMIG2018 =
c(978826L,
229700L, 127583L, 418418L, 203125L, 3344L), DOMESTICMIG2010 = c(0L,
-32918L, -50873L, 90679L, -6888L, 1238L), DOMESTICMIG2011 = c(0L,
-159789L, -186896L, 335757L, 10928L, -2239L), DOMESTICMIG2012 = c(0L,
-205314L, -181285L, 336615L, 49984L, 59L), DOMESTICMIG2013 = c(0L,
-216273L, -123814L, 293443L, 46644L, 2641L), DOMESTICMIG2014 = c(0L,
-274391L, -182730L, 373439L, 83682L, -755L), DOMESTICMIG2015 = c(0L,
-339996L, -234823L, 452879L, 121940L, -1553L), DOMESTICMIG2016 = c(0L,
-372953L, -228200L, 442633L, 158520L, -1977L), DOMESTICMIG2017 = c(0L,
-316879L, -161387L, 364465L, 113801L, 2065L), DOMESTICMIG2018 = c(0L,
-292928L, -157048L, 345132L, 104844L, 5718L), NETMIG2010 = c(178835L,
12805L, -25715L, 159421L, 32324L, 2166L), NETMIG2011 = c(792881L,
46897L, -69948L, 621100L, 194832L, 2477L), NETMIG2012 = c(858764L,
2270L, -60290L, 680813L, 235971L, 5933L), NETMIG2013 = c(850952L,
-22170L, 2867L, 623340L, 246915L, 7752L), NETMIG2014 = c(947947L,
-51706L, -48420L, 738720L, 309353L, 2998L), NETMIG2015 = c(1063702L,
-112721L, -92064L, 881967L, 386520L, 3132L), NETMIG2016 = c(1069230L,
-136235L, -83341L, 879428L, 409378L, 3973L), NETMIG2017 = c(953233L,
-101007L, -35374L, 769047L, 320567L, 5255L), NETMIG2018 = c(978826L,
-63228L, -29465L, 763550L, 307969L, 9062L), RESIDUAL2010 = c(0L,
-3196L, -1108L, 4554L, -250L, -10L), RESIDUAL2011 = c(0L, -2459L,
-239L, 4387L, -1689L, 38L), RESIDUAL2012 = c(0L, -2992L, -1288L,
6502L, -2222L, 91L), RESIDUAL2013 = c(0L, -2445L, -1350L, 5123L,
-1328L, 55L), RESIDUAL2014 = c(0L, -2490L, -2904L, 6550L, -1156L,
-192L), RESIDUAL2015 = c(0L, -1190L, -2509L, 4476L, -777L, -270L
), RESIDUAL2016 = c(0L, -271L, -1077L, 1047L, 301L, -114L), RESIDUAL2017 =
c(0L,
-636L, -1129L, 1196L, 569L, -106L), RESIDUAL2018 = c(0L, -796L,
-1227L, 1288L, 735L, -102L), RBIRTH2011 = c(12.79898857, 11.646389369,
12.449493906, 13.0753983, 13.564866164, 12.455601786), RBIRTH2012 =
c(12.589173852,
11.454833676, 12.353389372, 12.900715293, 13.172754439, 12.287820829
), RBIRTH2013 = c(12.511116578, 11.384582534, 12.318197145, 12.770698648,
13.1250523, 12.012410502), RBIRTH2014 = c(12.493440163, 11.301146646,
12.363692308, 12.814734, 12.993051496, 12.179749675), RBIRTH2015 =
c(12.493175596,
11.324209532, 12.357461907, 12.843808208, 12.92441189, 12.301816868
), RBIRTH2016 = c(12.309933949, 11.20434042, 12.242454436, 12.663079639,
12.619264908, 12.222387438), RBIRTH2017 = c(12.039095529, 10.996948983,
11.989119413, 12.357287884, 12.333939366, 11.962999487), RBIRTH2018 =
c(11.820984126,
10.863177115, 11.789576855, 12.078306222, 12.128940451, 11.720998206
), RDEATH2011 = c(8.0928244199, 8.4846099623, 8.7504877826, 8.3388830191,
6.7917918366, 10.187095914), RDEATH2012 = c(7.9990857588, 8.2779015368,
8.6968381072, 8.2343067033, 6.7700904074, 10.060744313), RDEATH2013 =
c(8.2803198685,
8.5962112289, 8.9723230665, 8.5807898649, 6.9298356343, 10.542582104
), RDEATH2014 = c(8.1408206164, 8.4020820365, 8.8249187702, 8.4524499397,
6.8267702932, 10.274434632), RDEATH2015 = c(8.4484528254, 8.7250748685,
9.2388679994, 8.7443343664, 7.0592978512, 10.689339673), RDEATH2016 =
c(8.3975028099,
8.5692003816, 9.1188486402, 8.6935469035, 7.1552465339, 10.632332792
), RDEATH2017 = c(8.5756150392, 8.9363320099, 9.1155717285, 8.8857783149,
7.3396052849, 10.889883997), RDEATH2018 = c(8.6277792774, 9.0371195009,
9.1016891619, 8.9320830002, 7.4291216994, 10.944391939), RNATURALINC2011 =
c(4.7061641498,
3.161779407, 3.6990061239, 4.7365152812, 6.7730743272, 2.2685058724
), RNATURALINC2012 = c(4.5900880929, 3.1769321388, 3.656551265,
4.66640859, 6.402664032, 2.2270765159), RNATURALINC2013 = c(4.2307967093,
2.7883713049, 3.3458740787, 4.1899087829, 6.1952166656, 1.4698283977
), RNATURALINC2014 = c(4.3526195469, 2.89906461, 3.5387735378,
4.3622840605, 6.1662812026, 1.9053150433), RNATURALINC2015 =
c(4.0447227708,
2.5991346635, 3.1185939072, 4.0994738414, 5.8651140389, 1.6124771946
), RNATURALINC2016 = c(3.912431139, 2.6351400388, 3.123605796,
3.969532736, 5.4640183742, 1.5900546466), RNATURALINC2017 =
c(3.4634804902,
2.0606169731, 2.8735476848, 3.4715095687, 4.9943340813, 1.0731154898
), RNATURALINC2018 = c(3.1932048488, 1.8260576141, 2.687887693,
3.1462232219, 4.6998187519, 0.7766062675), RINTERNATIONALMIG2011 =
c(2.5539481982,
3.7247036946, 1.7438348531, 2.4715029092, 2.5385138982, 0.9841112772
), RINTERNATIONALMIG2012 = c(2.7460490726, 3.7275831375, 1.7993217139,
2.9505576333, 2.5429438207, 1.2219173785), RINTERNATIONALMIG2013 =
c(2.7017267715,
3.4759149144, 1.8781318506, 2.7997195452, 2.7121923767, 1.0597112344
), RINTERNATIONALMIG2014 = c(2.988275652, 3.9792291689, 1.9851256285,
3.0689308523, 3.0260314993, 0.7759790947), RINTERNATIONALMIG2015 =
c(3.3285982753,
4.0561842059, 2.1052580818, 3.5654043717, 3.5102060089, 0.9664136698
), RINTERNATIONALMIG2016 = c(3.3215493142, 4.2230961065, 2.1323795548,
3.5885415898, 3.2920380658, 1.2245437674), RINTERNATIONALMIG2017 =
c(2.9410856198,
3.8503376372, 1.8510505744, 3.2892897676, 2.6864164429, 0.6550398799
), RINTERNATIONALMIG2018 = c(3.0010858795, 4.0950670621, 1.8698304564,
3.3695510667, 2.6156748143, 0.685035969), RDOMESTICMIG2011 = c(0,
-2.879569389, -2.786843372, 2.9081645678, 0.1508443529, -0.467223314
), RDOMESTICMIG2012 = c(0, -3.686820778, -2.69589683, 2.8855541222,
0.6834160664, 0.0122732593), RDOMESTICMIG2013 = c(0, -3.872925953,
-1.835626629, 2.4903472978, 0.6316815776, 0.5475831286), RDOMESTICMIG2014
= c(0,
-4.903180146, -2.700781819, 3.1374707924, 1.1220952977, -0.156105573
), RDOMESTICMIG2015 = c(0, -6.067919504, -3.462920156, 3.7630900106,
1.6177886489, -0.320350145), RDOMESTICMIG2016 = c(0, -6.653555548,
-3.359190761, 3.6365043774, 2.0802759896, -0.40687782), RDOMESTICMIG2017 =
c(0,
-5.651919379, -2.370672066, 2.963134779, 1.4785645494, 0.4240305179
), RDOMESTICMIG2018 = c(0, -5.222289092, -2.301663494, 2.7793734944,
1.350093835, 1.1713623417), RNETMIG2011 = c(2.5539481982, 0.845134306,
-1.043008519, 5.379667477, 2.6893582511, 0.516887963), RNETMIG2012 =
c(2.7460490726,
0.0407623599, -0.896575116, 5.8361117555, 3.2263598871, 1.2341906378
), RNETMIG2013 = c(2.7017267715, -0.397011039, 0.0425052219,
5.2900668429, 3.3438739543, 1.6072943629), RNETMIG2014 = c(2.988275652,
-0.923950977, -0.71565619, 6.2064016447, 4.148126797, 0.6198735214
), RNETMIG2015 = c(3.3285982753, -2.011735298, -1.357662074,
7.3284943823, 5.1279946578, 0.6460635248), RNETMIG2016 = c(3.3215493142,
-2.430459441, -1.226811206, 7.2250459672, 5.3723140554, 0.8176659475
), RNETMIG2017 = c(2.9410856198, -1.801581742, -0.519621492,
6.2524245465, 4.1649809923, 1.0790703978), RNETMIG2018 = c(3.0010858795,
-1.12722203, -0.431833037, 6.1489245611, 3.9657686492, 1.8563983107
)), .Names = c("SUMLEV", "REGION", "DIVISION", "STATE", "NAME",
"CENSUS2010POP", "ESTIMATESBASE2010", "POPESTIMATE2010",
"POPESTIMATE2011",
"POPESTIMATE2012", "POPESTIMATE2013", "POPESTIMATE2014",
"POPESTIMATE2015",
"POPESTIMATE2016", "POPESTIMATE2017", "POPESTIMATE2018", "NPOPCHG_2010",
"NPOPCHG_2011", "NPOPCHG_2012", "NPOPCHG_2013", "NPOPCHG_2014",
"NPOPCHG_2015", "NPOPCHG_2016", "NPOPCHG_2017", "NPOPCHG_2018",
"BIRTHS2010", "BIRTHS2011", "BIRTHS2012", "BIRTHS2013", "BIRTHS2014",
"BIRTHS2015", "BIRTHS2016", "BIRTHS2017", "BIRTHS2018", "DEATHS2010",
"DEATHS2011", "DEATHS2012", "DEATHS2013", "DEATHS2014", "DEATHS2015",
"DEATHS2016", "DEATHS2017", "DEATHS2018", "NATURALINC2010",
"NATURALINC2011",
"NATURALINC2012", "NATURALINC2013", "NATURALINC2014", "NATURALINC2015",
"NATURALINC2016", "NATURALINC2017", "NATURALINC2018",
"INTERNATIONALMIG2010",
"INTERNATIONALMIG2011", "INTERNATIONALMIG2012", "INTERNATIONALMIG2013",
"INTERNATIONALMIG2014", "INTERNATIONALMIG2015", "INTERNATIONALMIG2016",
"INTERNATIONALMIG2017", "INTERNATIONALMIG2018", "DOMESTICMIG2010",
"DOMESTICMIG2011", "DOMESTICMIG2012", "DOMESTICMIG2013",
"DOMESTICMIG2014",
"DOMESTICMIG2015", "DOMESTICMIG2016", "DOMESTICMIG2017",
"DOMESTICMIG2018",
"NETMIG2010", "NETMIG2011", "NETMIG2012", "NETMIG2013", "NETMIG2014",
"NETMIG2015", "NETMIG2016", "NETMIG2017", "NETMIG2018", "RESIDUAL2010",
"RESIDUAL2011", "RESIDUAL2012", "RESIDUAL2013", "RESIDUAL2014",
"RESIDUAL2015", "RESIDUAL2016", "RESIDUAL2017", "RESIDUAL2018",
"RBIRTH2011", "RBIRTH2012", "RBIRTH2013", "RBIRTH2014", "RBIRTH2015",
"RBIRTH2016", "RBIRTH2017", "RBIRTH2018", "RDEATH2011", "RDEATH2012",
"RDEATH2013", "RDEATH2014", "RDEATH2015", "RDEATH2016", "RDEATH2017",
"RDEATH2018", "RNATURALINC2011", "RNATURALINC2012", "RNATURALINC2013",
"RNATURALINC2014", "RNATURALINC2015", "RNATURALINC2016",
"RNATURALINC2017",
"RNATURALINC2018", "RINTERNATIONALMIG2011", "RINTERNATIONALMIG2012",
"RINTERNATIONALMIG2013", "RINTERNATIONALMIG2014", "RINTERNATIONALMIG2015",
"RINTERNATIONALMIG2016", "RINTERNATIONALMIG2017", "RINTERNATIONALMIG2018",
"RDOMESTICMIG2011", "RDOMESTICMIG2012", "RDOMESTICMIG2013",
"RDOMESTICMIG2014",
"RDOMESTICMIG2015", "RDOMESTICMIG2016", "RDOMESTICMIG2017",
"RDOMESTICMIG2018",
"RNETMIG2011", "RNETMIG2012", "RNETMIG2013", "RNETMIG2014", "RNETMIG2015",
"RNETMIG2016", "RNETMIG2017", "RNETMIG2018"), row.names = c(NA,
-6L), class = c("tbl_df", "tbl", "data.frame"))
推荐答案
为了帮助您，使用 dput（head（population.data））的示例数据会有所帮助。根据您的评论，您的数据采用的是宽格式，这意味着每个观察结果都包含在一列中，而不是一行（人口2010，人口2011等）。
In order to help you out, an example data using dput(head(population.data)) would be helpful. Based on your comments, your data is in what is called 'wide' format, meaning each observation is contained in a column, rather than a row (pupulation 2010, population 2011 etc.).
正如我在评论中所暗示的那样，统计建模中的子目标始终是将数据清理和整形为适当的格式，这将适用于运行模型。在这种情况下，问题在于您的格式格式不正确。最常见的可能是通过 reshape2 或 data.table将熔化转换为长格式。 code>包，如在此链接中所述所述。我个人更喜欢 data.table 包，因为它似乎具有更好的大规模性能。但是，它们的用法是相同的。
As i hinted in my comment, a sub-goal within statistical modelling is always to clean and reshape data to a proper format, that will work for running models. In this case the problem is that your format is in an incorrect shape. The most common is likely melting to long format via the reshape2 or data.table package as explained in this link. I personally prefer the data.table package, as it seems to have better large scale performance. Their usage however is identical.
让我们说您有一个州的名称列和一个人口估计的9列（2010年人口估计，2011年人口估计等）。 ，然后可以使用两个建议使用的软件包中的 melt 将这些列转换为长格式（它们的用法相同）
Lets say you have a column 'NAME' for states and 9 columns for population estimates (2010 population estimates, 2011 population estimates and so on), we could then convert these columns into a long format, using melt from either of the two suggested packages (They are identical in use)
require(data.table)
value_columns <- paste(2010:2018, "Population Estimates")
population.data_long <- melt(population.data, id.vars = "NAME",
measure.vars = value_columns, #Columns containing values we (that are grouped by their column names)
variable.name = 'Year (Population Estimate)', #Name of the column which tells us [(Year) Population Estimate]
value.name = 'Population Estimate') #Name of the column with values
population.data_long$year <- as.integer(substr(population.data_long$`Year (Population Estimate)`, 1, 4)) #Create a year column in a bit of a hacky way
请注意，我忽略了任何其他列，这些列应包含在您的melt语句中。从这里开始，线性回归应该遵循您发现的任何标准示例。
Note i have ignored any additional columns, and these should be included in your melt statement. From here on a linear regression should follow any standard example that you have found.
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