缩小,折叠或扫描(向左/向右)? [英] Reduce, fold or scan (Left/Right)?
问题描述
何时应使用reduceLeft
,reduceRight
,foldLeft
,foldRight
,scanLeft
或scanRight
?
When should I use reduceLeft
, reduceRight
, foldLeft
, foldRight
, scanLeft
or scanRight
?
我希望对它们之间的差异有一个直观的了解/概述-可能带有一些简单的示例.
I want an intuition/overview of their differences - possibly with some simple examples.
推荐答案
通常,所有6折函数将二进制运算符应用于集合的每个元素.每个步骤的结果都将传递到下一步(作为对二进制运算符的两个参数之一的输入).这样,我们可以累积结果.
In general, all 6 fold functions apply a binary operator to each element of a collection. The result of each step is passed on to the next step (as input to one of the binary operator's two arguments). This way we can cumulate a result.
reduceLeft
和reduceRight
累计一个结果.
foldLeft
和foldRight
使用起始值累计单个结果.
foldLeft
and foldRight
cumulate a single result using a start value.
scanLeft
和scanRight
使用起始值累积中间累积结果的集合.
scanLeft
and scanRight
cumulate a collection of intermediate cumulative results using a start value.
从左向后...
有了元素abc
的集合和二进制运算符add
,我们可以探索从集合的LEFT元素(从A到C)前进时不同的折叠函数的作用:
With a collection of elements abc
and a binary operator add
we can explore what the different fold functions do when going forwards from the LEFT element of the collection (from A to C):
val abc = List("A", "B", "C")
def add(res: String, x: String) = {
println(s"op: $res + $x = ${res + x}")
res + x
}
abc.reduceLeft(add)
// op: A + B = AB
// op: AB + C = ABC // accumulates value AB in *first* operator arg `res`
// res: String = ABC
abc.foldLeft("z")(add) // with start value "z"
// op: z + A = zA // initial extra operation
// op: zA + B = zAB
// op: zAB + C = zABC
// res: String = zABC
abc.scanLeft("z")(add)
// op: z + A = zA // same operations as foldLeft above...
// op: zA + B = zAB
// op: zAB + C = zABC
// res: List[String] = List(z, zA, zAB, zABC) // maps intermediate results
从右向后...
如果我们从RIGHT元素开始,然后倒退(从C到A),我们会注意到现在二元运算符的 second 参数会累加结果(该运算符是相同的,只是切换了参数名称以使其作用清楚):
If we start with the RIGHT element and go backwards (from C to A) we'll notice that now the second argument to our binary operator accumulates the result (the operator is the same, we just switched the argument names to make their roles clear):
def add(x: String, res: String) = {
println(s"op: $x + $res = ${x + res}")
x + res
}
abc.reduceRight(add)
// op: B + C = BC
// op: A + BC = ABC // accumulates value BC in *second* operator arg `res`
// res: String = ABC
abc.foldRight("z")(add)
// op: C + z = Cz
// op: B + Cz = BCz
// op: A + BCz = ABCz
// res: String = ABCz
abc.scanRight("z")(add)
// op: C + z = Cz
// op: B + Cz = BCz
// op: A + BCz = ABCz
// res: List[String] = List(ABCz, BCz, Cz, z)
.
从左向后...
如果相反,我们要从集合的LEFT元素开始通过减法来去累积,那么我们将通过二进制运算符minus
的第一个参数res
来累积结果:
If instead we were to de-cumulate some result by subtraction starting from the LEFT element of a collection, we would cumulate the result through the first argument res
of our binary operator minus
:
val xs = List(1, 2, 3, 4)
def minus(res: Int, x: Int) = {
println(s"op: $res - $x = ${res - x}")
res - x
}
xs.reduceLeft(minus)
// op: 1 - 2 = -1
// op: -1 - 3 = -4 // de-cumulates value -1 in *first* operator arg `res`
// op: -4 - 4 = -8
// res: Int = -8
xs.foldLeft(0)(minus)
// op: 0 - 1 = -1
// op: -1 - 2 = -3
// op: -3 - 3 = -6
// op: -6 - 4 = -10
// res: Int = -10
xs.scanLeft(0)(minus)
// op: 0 - 1 = -1
// op: -1 - 2 = -3
// op: -3 - 3 = -6
// op: -6 - 4 = -10
// res: List[Int] = List(0, -1, -3, -6, -10)
从右向后...
但是现在要注意xRight的变体!请记住,xRight变量中的(去)累加值将传递给我们的二进制运算符minus
的 second 参数res
:
But look out for the xRight variations now! Remember that the (de-)cumulated value in the xRight variations is passed to the second parameter res
of our binary operator minus
:
def minus(x: Int, res: Int) = {
println(s"op: $x - $res = ${x - res}")
x - res
}
xs.reduceRight(minus)
// op: 3 - 4 = -1
// op: 2 - -1 = 3 // de-cumulates value -1 in *second* operator arg `res`
// op: 1 - 3 = -2
// res: Int = -2
xs.foldRight(0)(minus)
// op: 4 - 0 = 4
// op: 3 - 4 = -1
// op: 2 - -1 = 3
// op: 1 - 3 = -2
// res: Int = -2
xs.scanRight(0)(minus)
// op: 4 - 0 = 4
// op: 3 - 4 = -1
// op: 2 - -1 = 3
// op: 1 - 3 = -2
// res: List[Int] = List(-2, 3, -1, 4, 0)
最后一个List(-2、3,-1、4、0)可能不是您直觉所期望的!
The last List(-2, 3, -1, 4, 0) is maybe not what you would intuitively expect!
如您所见,您可以通过简单地运行scanX来检查foldX的功能,并在每个步骤中调试累积的结果.
As you see, you can check what your foldX is doing by simply running a scanX instead and debug the cumulated result at each step.
- 使用
reduceLeft
或reduceRight
累积结果. - 如果有起始值,请使用
foldLeft
或foldRight
累加结果. -
使用
scanLeft
或scanRight
累积中间结果的集合.
- Cumulate a result with
reduceLeft
orreduceRight
. - Cumulate a result with
foldLeft
orfoldRight
if you have a start value. Cumulate a collection of intermediate results with
scanLeft
orscanRight
.
如果要遍历集合,请使用xLeft变体.
Use a xLeft variation if you want to go forwards through the collection.
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