如何在Liquid Haskell中编写log2函数 [英] How to write a log2 function in Liquid Haskell
问题描述
我正在尝试从书中学习Liquid Haskell.
为了测试我的理解,我想编写一个函数log2
,该函数采用2 ^ n形式的输入并输出n.
I am trying to learn Liquid Haskell from the book.
To test my understanding, I wanted to write a function log2
which takes an input of the form 2^n and outputs n.
我有以下代码:
powers :: [Int]
powers = map (2^) [0..]
{-@ type Powers = {v:Nat | v elem powers } @-}
{-@ log2 :: Powers -> Nat @-}
log2 :: Int -> Int
log2 n
| n == 1 = 0
| otherwise = 1 + log2 (div n 2)
但是在执行此代码时会发生一些奇怪的错误,即优化中的排序错误".我无法理解并解决此错误.
But some strange error occurs while executing this code, namely "Sort Error in Refinement". I am unable to understand and resolve this error.
任何帮助将不胜感激.
摘自Liquid Haskell书:
From the Liquid Haskell book:
谓词是原子谓词,可以通过比较 两个表达式,或者将谓词函数应用于列表 争论...
A Predicate is either an atomic predicate, obtained by comparing two expressions, or, an application of a predicate function to a list of arguments...
在Liquid Haskell逻辑语法中,允许的谓词之一是:e r e
其中,r
是原子二进制关系(而功能只是特殊的一种关系).
In the Liquid Haskell logic syntax, one of the allowed predicates are: e r e
where r
is an atomic binary relation (and functions are just special kind of relations).
此外,在本教程中,他们将Even
子类型定义为:
{-@ type Even = {v:Int | v mod 2 == 0 } @-}
Also, in the tutorial, they define the Even
subtype as:
{-@ type Even = {v:Int | v mod 2 == 0 } @-}
基于此,我认为elem
应该可以工作.
Based on that, I thought elem
should work.
但是,正如@ ThomasM.DuBuisson所指出的那样,我考虑改为编写自己的elem'
,以避免造成混乱.
But now as @ThomasM.DuBuisson pointed out, I thought of writing my own elem'
instead, so as to avoid confusion.
elem' :: Int -> [Int] -> Bool
elem' _ [] = False
elem' e (x:xs)
| e==x = True
| otherwise = elem' e xs
据我所知,现在要能够将此elem'
用作谓词功能,我需要将其提升为度量.因此,我添加了以下内容:
Now, as far as I understand, to be able to use this elem'
as a predicate function, I need to lift it as measure. So I added the following:
{-@ measure elem' :: Int -> [Int] -> Bool @-}
现在,在Powers
的类型定义中,我用elem'
替换了elem
.但是我仍然遇到与上一个相同的错误.
Now I replaced elem
by elem'
in type definition of Powers
. But I still get the same error as the previous one.
推荐答案
@TomMD是指反射"的概念,它使您可以将Haskell函数(在某些限制下)转换为精化形式,例如看到这些帖子:
@TomMD is referring to the notion of "reflection" which lets you convert Haskell functions (under some restrictions) into refinements, e.g. see these posts:
https://ucsd-progsys.github.io/liquidhaskell -blog/tags/reflection.html
不幸的是,还没有使用本资料更新本教程.
Unfortunately haven't gotten around to updating the tutorial with this material yet.
因此,例如,您可以如下所示描述log2/pow2:
So for example, you can describe log2/pow2 as shown here:
https://ucsd-progsys.github.io/liquidhaskell -blog/tags/reflection.html
http://goto.ucsd.edu/liquid/index.html#?demo = permalink%2F1573673688_378.hs
特别是您可以这样写:
{-@ reflect log2 @-}
log2 :: Int -> Int
log2 1 = 0
log2 n = 1 + log2 (div n 2)
{-@ reflect pow2 @-}
{-@ pow2 :: Nat -> Nat @-}
pow2 :: Int -> Int
pow2 0 = 1
pow2 n = 2 * pow2 (n-1)
然后您可以在编译时检查"以下各项是否正确:
You can then "check" at compile time that the following are true:
test8 :: () -> Int
test8 _ = log2 8 === 3
test16 :: () -> Int
test16 _ = log2 16 === 4
test3 :: () -> Int
test3 _ = pow2 3 === 8
test4 :: () -> Int
test4 _ = pow2 4 === 16
但是,类型检查器将拒绝以下内容
However, the type checker will reject the below
test8' :: () -> Int
test8' _ = log2 8 === 5 -- type error
最后,您可以证明关于log2
和pow2
Finally, you can prove the following theorem relating log2
and pow2
{-@ thm_log_pow :: n:Nat -> { log2 (pow2 n) == n } @-}
证明"是通过对n的归纳"来表示的,
The "proof" is by "induction on n", which means:
thm_log_pow :: Int -> ()
thm_log_pow 0 = ()
thm_log_pow n = thm_log_pow (n-1)
回到您的原始问题,您可以将isPow2
定义为:
Returning to your original question, you can define isPow2
as:
{-@ reflect isEven @-}
isEven :: Int -> Bool
isEven n = n `mod` 2 == 0
{-@ reflect isPow2 @-}
isPow2 :: Int -> Bool
isPow2 1 = True
isPow2 n = isEven n && isPow2 (n `div` 2)
您可以通过验证以下内容来测试"它是否正确:
and you can "test" it does the right thing by verifying that:
testPow2_8 :: () -> Bool
testPow2_8 () = isPow2 8 === True
testPow2_9 :: () -> Bool
testPow2_9 () = isPow2 9 === False
最后,通过为pow2
提供精确类型:
and finally, by giving pow2
the refined type:
{-@ reflect pow2 @-}
{-@ pow2 :: Nat -> {v:Nat | isPow2 v} @-}
pow2 :: Int -> Int
pow2 0 = 1
pow2 n = 2 * pow2 (n-1)
希望这会有所帮助!
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