如何在Haskell中装饰一棵树 [英] How to decorate a Tree in Haskell

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问题描述

我想用一个不同的值来标记树的每个元素(例如,int)。我设法做到了这一点,但代码很丑陋,我不知道如何使用Monads。



我的看法:

 数据树a =树(a,[Tree a])

标签(Tree(x,l))n = (m,x),l')
其中(m,l')= foldl g(n,[])l
其中g(n,r)x = let ff = ((fst $ fst ff)+1,(Tree ff):r)

更好的方法?

编辑:
我刚才意识到上面的foldl真的是mapAccumL。所以,这里是上面的清理版本:

  import Data.List(mapAccumL)

数据树a =树(a,[树a])

标签(树(x,l))n =((m,x),l')
其中(m, (f + 1,ff)
gnx = let ff @ p>

解决方案

我稍微修改了您的类型。仔细研究这段代码:

  import Control.Monad.State 

- 最好不要使用一对作为构造函数的参数
数据树a =树a [树a]派生显示

- 我们通常希望最后使用树参数;它使
更容易组成树函数。
-
- 另外,Enum类是你想要的而不是数字;
- 您想要给我下一个标记操作,这是Enum的succ
- 方法。 (对于Int,succ是(+1)。)
tag :: Enum t => t - >树a - >树(a,t)
标签init tree =
- tagStep是动作发生的地方。这只是让球
- 滚动。
evalState(tagStep tree)init

- 这是计算的一个单子步骤。它假定
- 它可以隐式地访问当前标签值。我会
- 在评论中注释它。
tagStep :: Enum t =>树a - >状态t(树(a,t))
tagStep(树a子树)=
do - 首先,递归到子树中。 mapM是一个实用函数
- 用于在
- 元素列表上执行一个monadic动作(如tagStep),并生成结果列表。
子树'< - mapM tagStep子树

- 单态动作get访问State monad中的隐式状态参数
- 。变量标签获取值。
标签< - get

- monadic动作put将隐式状态参数设置为
- State monad。下一个get会看到succ标签
的值 - (假设没有其他放入)。
-
- 请注意,当我们在上面执行mapM tagStep子树时,这将为
- 为每个子树执行get和put(succ标记)。
put(succ tag)

return $树(a,tag)子树'

编辑:与上述方法相同,但将一轮重构转换为可重复使用的部分:

   - 这个函数不是解决方案的一部分,但它可以帮助您
- 了解下面的mapTreeM。
mapTree ::(a - > b) - >树a - >树b
mapTree fn(Tree a subtrees)=
让子树'= map(mapTree fn)子树
a'= fn a
树a'子树'

- 通常你会这样写这个函数:
mapTree'fn(Tree a subtrees)= Tree(fn a)$ map(mapTree'fn)子树

- 但是我写了很长一段时间来展示与
- following的相似性,它从
提取tagStep定义的结构 - 上面的第一个解决方案。
mapTreeM :: Monad m => (a - > m b) - >树a - > m(Tree b)
mapTreeM action(Tree a subtrees)=
do subtrees'< - mapM(mapTreeM action)subtrees
a'< - action a
return $树'子树'

- 整个业务中获取状态并将后续元素
- in作为替换可以被抽象出来。这个动作就像一个
- 增量后的运算符。
postIncrement :: Enum s =>状态s
postIncrement = do val < - 获得
放(succ val)
返回val

- 现在可以很容易地根据这些标记来编写标记。
标记init tree = evalState(mapTreeM步骤树)init
其中step a = do标记< - postIncrement
return(a,tag)



如果需要,可以使 mapTreeM 在子树之前处理本地值:

  mapTreeM action(Tree a subtrees)= 
做'< - 动作a
子树'< - mapM (mapTreeM action)子树
返回$ Tree a'子树'

使用 Control.Monad 你可以把它变成一行:

  mapTreeM action Tree a subtrees)= 
- 将树构造器应用于两个动作的结果
liftM2树(动作a)(mapM(mapTreeM动作)子树)

-
mapTreeM'action(Tree a subtrees)=
liftM2(flip Tree)(mapM(mapTreeM action)subtrees)(action a)


I want to tag each element of a tree with a different value (Int, for example sake). I managed to do this but the code is ugly as a beast and I don't know how to work with Monads yet.

My take:

data Tree a = Tree (a, [Tree a])

tag (Tree (x, l)) n = ((m, x), l')
 where (m,l') = foldl g (n,[]) l
        where g (n,r) x = let ff = tag x n in ((fst $ fst ff) +1, (Tree ff):r)

Do you know some better way?

EDIT: I just realized that the above foldl really is mapAccumL. So, here is a cleaned version of the above:

import Data.List (mapAccumL)

data Tree a = Tree (a, [Tree a])

tag (Tree (x, l)) n = ((m,x),l')
  where (m,l') = mapAccumL g n l
        g n x  = let ff@((f,_),_) = tag x n in (f+1,ff)

解决方案

I've modified your types slightly. Study this code carefully:

import Control.Monad.State

-- It's better not to use a pair as the argument of the constructor    
data Tree a = Tree a [Tree a] deriving Show

-- We typically want to put the Tree argument last; it makes it
-- easier to compose tree functions.  
--
-- Also, the Enum class is what you want here instead of numbers; 
-- you want a "give me the next tag" operation, which is the succ
-- method from Enum.  (For Int, succ is (+1).)
tag :: Enum t => t -> Tree a -> Tree (a, t)
tag init tree = 
    -- tagStep is where the action happens.  This just gets the ball
    -- rolling.
    evalState (tagStep tree) init

-- This is one monadic "step" of the calculation.  It assumes that
-- it has access to the current tag value implicitcly.  I'll 
-- annotate it in the comments.
tagStep :: Enum t => Tree a -> State t (Tree (a, t))
tagStep (Tree a subtrees) = 
    do -- First, recurse into the subtrees.  mapM is a utility function
       -- for executing a monadic action (like tagStep) on a list of
       -- elements, and producing the list of results.
       subtrees' <- mapM tagStep subtrees  

       -- The monadic action "get" accesses the implicit state parameter
       -- in the State monad.  The variable tag gets the value.
       tag <- get 

       -- The monadic action `put` sets the implicit state parameter in
       -- the State monad.  The next get will see the value of succ tag
       -- (assuming no other puts in between).
       --
       -- Note that when we did mapM tagStep subtrees above, this will 
       -- have executed a get and a put (succ tag) for each subtree.           
       put (succ tag)

       return $ Tree (a, tag) subtrees'


EDIT: Same solution as above, but put through one round of refactoring into reusable pieces:

-- This function is not part of the solution, but it will help you 
-- understand mapTreeM below.
mapTree :: (a -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree b
mapTree fn (Tree a subtrees) = 
    let subtrees' = map (mapTree fn) subtrees
        a' = fn a
     in Tree a' subtrees'

-- Normally you'd write that function like this:
mapTree' fn (Tree a subtrees) = Tree (fn a) $ map (mapTree' fn) subtrees

-- But I wrote it out the long way to bring out the similarity to the 
-- following, which extracts the structure of the tagStep definition from 
-- the first solution above.    
mapTreeM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Tree a -> m (Tree b)
mapTreeM action (Tree a subtrees) =
    do subtrees' <- mapM (mapTreeM action) subtrees
       a' <- action a
       return $ Tree a' subtrees'

-- That whole business with getting the state and putting the successor
-- in as the replacement can be abstracted out.  This action is like a 
-- post-increment operator.    
postIncrement :: Enum s => State s s
postIncrement = do val <- get
                   put (succ val)
                   return val

-- Now tag can be easily written in terms of those.
tag init tree = evalState (mapTreeM step tree) init
    where step a = do tag <- postIncrement
                      return (a, tag)

You can make mapTreeM process the local value before the subtrees if you want:

mapTreeM action (Tree a subtrees) =
    do a' <- action a
       subtrees' <- mapM (mapTreeM action) subtrees
       return $ Tree a' subtrees'

And using Control.Monad you can turn this into a one-liner:

mapTreeM action (Tree a subtrees) =
    -- Apply the Tree constructor to the results of the two actions
    liftM2 Tree (action a) (mapM (mapTreeM action) subtrees)

-- in the children-first order:
mapTreeM' action (Tree a subtrees) =
    liftM2 (flip Tree) (mapM (mapTreeM action) subtrees) (action a)

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