AVR链接器错误，“重新定位截断以适合". [英] AVR linker error, "relocation truncated to fit"
问题描述
我正在尝试为ATmega328 micro编译一些代码，并且我想使用Arduino的库和核心.我正在使用 CMake .我已经编译了核心库和代码的所有对象以及Arduino的库.但是当它们链接时，他们向我显示了以下错误.
..."重定位被截断以适合:R_AVR_13_PCREL针对 符号"...""avr5/libgcc.a" ...
我有
编辑:我也尝试使用makefile进行编译，但是得到了相同的结果，甚至在链接器语句的末尾添加了--lm和-lc标志.
我将我的Makefile和CMake文件放在这里: CMakeList.txt 主要CMake文件 arduino.cmake .那是通过CMakeList.txt导入的: Arduino核心CMake文件.这是放在 制作文件
正如错误消息所暗示的那样，该问题与(代码的)重定位有关，后者导致了某些截断的发生.该消息来自链接器，该链接器正在尝试将代码段映射到程序存储器中的适当位置. 当代码放置或移动到某个位置(重定位")时，并且 该代码是通过 AVR设备支持两种跳转/调用指令: 在程序内存超过8kb的设备上，对于所有可能的位置而言，情况并非如此.因此， if 链接器决定将其放置在 范围内的 +/- 4kb范围内>不会有问题，但但是，如果链接器未能(重新)将代码定位在该范围内，则不能使用 请注意，任何给定项目的程序内存超过4kb(在程序内存> 8kb的设备上)，在某些时候都可能发生 或 ，因为取决于所需代码的重定位，这可能会随着添加或删除的每行新C代码，添加要链接的每个库甚至是其中的库或其他部分的 order 而改变.的代码链接在一起(例如，当链接器找到"ABC"之类的代码时，从"A"到"B"的调用可能有效，但是当链接器决定像"ACB"那样进行重定位时，失败.) 您必须让编译器知道它需要生成 为避免不必要的混乱，此错误可能会导致 用户现在应该使用 I'm trying to compile some code for an ATmega328 micro, and I want use the libraries and the core of Arduino. I'm using CMake. I have gotten to compile the core library and all objects of my code and the libraries of Arduino. But when it's linking, they show me the following error. ..."relocation truncated to fit: R_AVR_13_PCREL against
symbol"..."avr5/libgcc.a"... I have found through Google that this is a common error, but no solution has worked for me. The only thing I can't do is put "-lm" and "-lc" flags at the end of the linker sentence, because I don't know how I can do it with CMake. EDIT: I have tried compile it with makefile too but I have gotten the same result, even putting "-lm" and "-lc" flags at the end of the linker sentence. I put my Makefile and CMake files here: CMakeList.txt The main CMake file arduino.cmake. That is imported by CMakeList.txt: Arduino core CMake file. This is a CMakeList.txt file put into Makefile
As the error message suggests, the issue has to do with the relocation (of code) which causes some truncation to occur. The message comes from the linker which is trying to map pieces of code to appropriate locations in the program memory. When code is placed or moved to some location ("relocation") and this code is referred to from another piece of code, via The AVR devices support two kinds of jump/call instructions: On devices with more than 8kb of program memory, however, this is not true for all possible locations. Therefore, if the linker decides it can put the code to be called within the +/-4kb range from the Note that this may or may not happen for any given project exceeding 4kb of program memory (on devices with >8kb of program memory) at some point, because it depends on the relocation of code needed, which may basically change with every new line of C code added or removed, with every library added to be linked in, or even the order in which the libraries or other pieces of code are linked in (e.g. calling from "A" to "B" may work when the linker locates the code like "A B C" but fail when the linker decides to relocate like "A C B"). You have to let the compiler know that it needs to generate To avoid the unnecessary confusion this error may cause Users should now use 这篇关于AVR链接器错误，“重新定位截断以适合".的文章就介绍到这了，希望我们推荐的答案对大家有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持IT屋！
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.6)
Project(IMU)
set(ARDUINO_PROCESSOR atmega328p)
set(ARDUINO_PROCESSOR_FREQ 1600000L)
include(./arduino.cmake)
add_library(ardlib
libraries/EEPROM/EEPROM.cpp
libraries/Wire/utility/twi.c
libraries/Wire/Wire.cpp
libraries/HMC58X3/HMC58X3
)
LINK_DIRECTORIES(${IMU_SRC_DIR}/libarduinocore
${IMU_SRC_DIR}/libraries/EEPROM
${IMU_SRC_DIR}/libraries/Wire
${IMU_SRC_DIR}/libraries/HMC58X3
)
link_libraries(arduinocore ardlib)
include_directories(
libarduinocore
libraries/EEPROM
libraries/Wire
libraries/Wire/utility
libraries/HMC58X3
)
set(C_SRCS
ADXL345.cpp
ApplicationRoutines.cpp
DCM.cpp
HMC5883L.cpp
ITG3200.cpp
matrix.cpp
output.cpp
timing.cpp
vector.cpp
)
set(C_HDRS
ADXL345.h
ApplicationRoutines.h
DCM.h
HMC5883L.h
ITG3200.h
matrix.h
output.h
timing.h
vector.h
declarations.h
)
add_executable(IMU.elf main.cpp ${C_SRCS} ${C_HDRS})
add_subdirectory(libarduinocore)
set(ARDUINO_PROCESSOR atmega328p)
set(ARDUINO_PROCESSOR_FREQ 16000000L)
# This module defines macros intended for use by cross-compiling toolchain files when
# CMake is not able to automatically detect the compiler identification.
include (CMakeForceCompiler)
# Set this for cross compiling. Otherwise it is set to CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME,
# which is the system we are developing on.
set (CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Generic)
# It sets CMAKE_<lang>_COMPILER to the given compiler and the cmake internal variable
# CMAKE_<lang>_COMPILER_ID to the given compiler-id. It also bypasses the check for
# working compiler and basic compiler information tests.
SET(CMAKE_C_COMPILER avr-gcc)
SET(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER avr-g++)
cmake_force_cxx_compiler (avr-g++ CrossAVR)
cmake_force_c_compiler (avr-gcc CrossAVR)
# Appparently we want to use the gnuc99 standard.
#set (CSTANDARD "-std=gnu99")
# Generate .stabs debugging symbols for assembler source lines. This enables avr-gdb to
# trace through assembler source files.
#set (CDEBUG "-gstabs")
# Warn for functions declared or defined without specified argument types.
set (CWARN "-Wall -Wstrict-prototypes")
# -funsigned-char - Make any unqualfied char type an unsigned char. Without this option,
# they default to a signed char.
# -funsigned-bitfields - Make any unqualified bitfield type unsigned. By default,
# they are signed.
# -fpack-struct - Pack all structure members together without holes.
# -fshort-enums - Allocate to an enum type only as many bytes as it needs for the declared
# range of possible values. Specifically, the enum type will be equivalent to the
# smallest integer type which has enough room.
set (CTUNING_FLAGS "-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums")
# Optimize for size. The special option -Os is meant to turn on all -O2 optimizations
# that are not expected to increase code size.
set (COPT "-Os")
SET(CINCS "-I${ArduinoCode_SOURCE_DIR}/libarduinocore")
# Finally the compilation flags are now configured.
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "-lc -lm -mmcu=${ARDUINO_PROCESSOR} -DF_CPU=${ARDUINO_PROCESSOR_FREQ} ${CTUNING_FLAGS} ${CWARN} ${CSTANDARD} ${CDEBUG} ${COPT} ${CINCS} -lc")
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "-lc -lm ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${CTUNING_FLAGS} ${CWARN} ${CSTANDARD} ${CDEBUG} ${CINCS} -lc")
# On gentoo, -rdynamic is passed to the compiler. The avr compiler does not recognize this
# option. Also, we are not building shared libraries.
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "-Wl,--gc-sections")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_CXX_FLAGS ""
libarduinocore目录中的CMakeList.txt文件.include(../arduino.cmake)
add_library (arduinocore
HardwareSerial.cpp
pins_arduino.c
Print.cpp
Tone.cpp
WInterrupts.c
wiring_analog.c
wiring.c
wiring_digital.c
wiring_pulse.c
wiring_shift.c
WMath.cpp
WString.cpp
)
TARGET = IMU
PORT = /dev/ttyACM0
BAUD = 57600
PROGRAMMER = arduino
MCU = atmega328p
F_CPU = 8000000L
CXX_SRCS = ADXL345.cpp \
ApplicationRoutines.cpp \
DCM.cpp \
HMC5883L.cpp \
ITG3200.cpp \
matrix.cpp \
output.cpp \
timing.cpp \
vector.cpp
CXX_OBJ = $(CXX_SRCS:.cpp=.o)
CXX_HDRS = ADXL345.h \
ApplicationRoutines.h \
DCM.h \
declarations.h \
HMC5883L.h \
ITG3200.h \
matrix.h \
output.h \
timing.h \
vector.h
CORE_DIR = libarduinocore
CORE_CXX_SRCS = $(CORE_DIR)/HardwareSerial.cpp \
$(CORE_DIR)/Print.cpp \
$(CORE_DIR)/Tone.cpp \
$(CORE_DIR)/WMath.cpp \
$(CORE_DIR)/WString.cpp
CORE_CXX_OBJ = $(CORE_CXX_SRCS:.cpp=.o)
CORE_CC_SRCS = $(CORE_DIR)/pins_arduino.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/WInterrupts.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_analog.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_digital.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_pulse.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_shift.c
CORE_CC_OBJ = $(CORE_CC_SRCS:.c=.o)
CORE_HDRS = $(CORE_DIR)/binary.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/HardwareSerial.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/pins_arduino.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/Print.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/Stream.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/WCharacter.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/WConstants.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_private.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/WProgram.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/WString.h
ARD_LIB_DIR = libraries
ARD_LIB_CXX_SRCS = $(ARD_LIB_DIR)/EEPROM/EEPROM.cpp \
$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/Wire/Wire.cpp \
$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/HMC58X3/HMC58X3.cpp
ARD_LIB_CC_SRCS = $(ARD_LIB_DIR)/Wire/utility/twi.c
ARD_LIB_CXX_OBJ = $(ARD_LIB_CXX_SRCS:.cpp=.o)
ARD_LIB_CC_OBJ = $(ARD_LIB_CC_SRCS:.c=.o)
CC = avr-gcc
CXX = avr-g++
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
AR = avr-ar
SIZE = avr-size
NM = avr-nm
AVRDUDE = avrdude
ARD_LIB_INC = -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR) -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/EEPROM -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/Wire -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/HMC58X3 -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/Wire/utility
FLAGS_WARN = -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes
FLAGS_TUNING = -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums
FLAGS_OPT = -Os
ALL_INC = -I. $(ARD_LIB_INC) -I$(CORE_DIR)
OBJS = $(CXX_OBJ) $(CORE_CXX_OBJ) $(CORE_CC_OBJ) $(ARD_LIB_CC_OBJ) $(ARD_LIB_CXX_OBJ)
ALL_OBJS := $(addprefix build/, $(notdir $(OBJS)))
ALL_CFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) $(ALL_INC) $(FLAGS_WARN) $(FLAGS_TUNNIG) $(FLAGS_OPT)
ALL_CXXFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) $(ALL_INC) -Wall $(FLAGS_TUNNIG) $(FLAGS_OPT)
#ALL_ASFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x assembler-with-cpp $(ASFLAGS)
all : $(TARGET).hex
avr-objcopy -O ihex -R .eeprom $(TARGET).out $(TARGET).hex
$(TARGET).out : $(OBJS)
$(CXX) $(ALL_CXXFLAGS) main.cpp $(ALL_OBJS) -o $(TARGET).out -lc -lm
upload : $(TARGET).hex
avrdude -c$(PROGRAMMER) -p$(MCU) -P$(PORT) -U flash:w:$(TARGET).hex
serialmon :
picocom -b$(BAUD) $(PORT)
.SUFFIXES: .hex .cpp .o .c
# Compile: create object files from C++ source files.
.cpp.o:
$(CXX) -c $(ALL_CXXFLAGS) $< -o $(addprefix build/, $(notdir $@)) -lc -lm
# Compile: create object files from C source files.
.c.o:
$(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $(addprefix build/, $(notdir $@)) -lc -lm
# Compile: create assembler files from C source files.
.c.s:
$(CC) -S $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o build/$@ -lc -lm
说明:
JMP或CALL从另一段代码中引用的(即函数调用) ，则必须将重定位的地址添加到引用该地址的JMP或CALL指令中.JMP vs. RJMP，以及CALL vs. RCALL. R变体使调用 relative 到当前位置，并且在程序存储器的使用和执行时间上都更加有效.但是，这需要付出一定的代价:RJMP和RCALL只能用于距它们在程序存储器中位置+/- 4kb范围内的地址.对于程序内存不超过8kb的设备，这永远不是问题，因为可以通过RCALL或RJMP从任何位置寻址整个8kb范围.RJMP/RCALL 为了到达代码的新地址，地址被截短(就像在C语言中执行uint16_t value = 12345; uint8_t truncatedValue = value;一样)，并且生成的代码中断.解决方案:
JMP/CALL指令，而不是(更有效的)RJMP/RCALL指令.在AVR Studio/Atmel Studio中，这可以通过项目的属性，工具链，AVR/GNU C编译器，优化来完成.相关选项为在> 8k设备(-mshort-calls)上使用rjmp/rcall(有限范围)" ，需要对其进行取消选中以防止指定的错误.
如标签所示，相关的命令行选项是-mshort-calls，当从IDE外部调用gcc时，需要从gcc命令行参数列表中将其删除 .更新:
-mshort-calls在avr-gcc 4.7中已被弃用，并将其从4.8中删除.来源: GCC 4.8更改.-mrelax来生成二进制文件，这些二进制文件在可能的地方进行调用优化，但是永远不会产生错误.
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.6)
Project(IMU)
set(ARDUINO_PROCESSOR atmega328p)
set(ARDUINO_PROCESSOR_FREQ 1600000L)
include(./arduino.cmake)
add_library(ardlib
libraries/EEPROM/EEPROM.cpp
libraries/Wire/utility/twi.c
libraries/Wire/Wire.cpp
libraries/HMC58X3/HMC58X3
)
LINK_DIRECTORIES(${IMU_SRC_DIR}/libarduinocore
${IMU_SRC_DIR}/libraries/EEPROM
${IMU_SRC_DIR}/libraries/Wire
${IMU_SRC_DIR}/libraries/HMC58X3
)
link_libraries(arduinocore ardlib)
include_directories(
libarduinocore
libraries/EEPROM
libraries/Wire
libraries/Wire/utility
libraries/HMC58X3
)
set(C_SRCS
ADXL345.cpp
ApplicationRoutines.cpp
DCM.cpp
HMC5883L.cpp
ITG3200.cpp
matrix.cpp
output.cpp
timing.cpp
vector.cpp
)
set(C_HDRS
ADXL345.h
ApplicationRoutines.h
DCM.h
HMC5883L.h
ITG3200.h
matrix.h
output.h
timing.h
vector.h
declarations.h
)
add_executable(IMU.elf main.cpp ${C_SRCS} ${C_HDRS})
add_subdirectory(libarduinocore)
set(ARDUINO_PROCESSOR atmega328p)
set(ARDUINO_PROCESSOR_FREQ 16000000L)
# This module defines macros intended for use by cross-compiling toolchain files when
# CMake is not able to automatically detect the compiler identification.
include (CMakeForceCompiler)
# Set this for cross compiling. Otherwise it is set to CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME,
# which is the system we are developing on.
set (CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Generic)
# It sets CMAKE_<lang>_COMPILER to the given compiler and the cmake internal variable
# CMAKE_<lang>_COMPILER_ID to the given compiler-id. It also bypasses the check for
# working compiler and basic compiler information tests.
SET(CMAKE_C_COMPILER avr-gcc)
SET(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER avr-g++)
cmake_force_cxx_compiler (avr-g++ CrossAVR)
cmake_force_c_compiler (avr-gcc CrossAVR)
# Appparently we want to use the gnuc99 standard.
#set (CSTANDARD "-std=gnu99")
# Generate .stabs debugging symbols for assembler source lines. This enables avr-gdb to
# trace through assembler source files.
#set (CDEBUG "-gstabs")
# Warn for functions declared or defined without specified argument types.
set (CWARN "-Wall -Wstrict-prototypes")
# -funsigned-char - Make any unqualfied char type an unsigned char. Without this option,
# they default to a signed char.
# -funsigned-bitfields - Make any unqualified bitfield type unsigned. By default,
# they are signed.
# -fpack-struct - Pack all structure members together without holes.
# -fshort-enums - Allocate to an enum type only as many bytes as it needs for the declared
# range of possible values. Specifically, the enum type will be equivalent to the
# smallest integer type which has enough room.
set (CTUNING_FLAGS "-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums")
# Optimize for size. The special option -Os is meant to turn on all -O2 optimizations
# that are not expected to increase code size.
set (COPT "-Os")
SET(CINCS "-I${ArduinoCode_SOURCE_DIR}/libarduinocore")
# Finally the compilation flags are now configured.
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "-lc -lm -mmcu=${ARDUINO_PROCESSOR} -DF_CPU=${ARDUINO_PROCESSOR_FREQ} ${CTUNING_FLAGS} ${CWARN} ${CSTANDARD} ${CDEBUG} ${COPT} ${CINCS} -lc")
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "-lc -lm ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${CTUNING_FLAGS} ${CWARN} ${CSTANDARD} ${CDEBUG} ${CINCS} -lc")
# On gentoo, -rdynamic is passed to the compiler. The avr compiler does not recognize this
# option. Also, we are not building shared libraries.
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "-Wl,--gc-sections")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_CXX_FLAGS ""
libarduinocore directory.include(../arduino.cmake)
add_library (arduinocore
HardwareSerial.cpp
pins_arduino.c
Print.cpp
Tone.cpp
WInterrupts.c
wiring_analog.c
wiring.c
wiring_digital.c
wiring_pulse.c
wiring_shift.c
WMath.cpp
WString.cpp
)
TARGET = IMU
PORT = /dev/ttyACM0
BAUD = 57600
PROGRAMMER = arduino
MCU = atmega328p
F_CPU = 8000000L
CXX_SRCS = ADXL345.cpp \
ApplicationRoutines.cpp \
DCM.cpp \
HMC5883L.cpp \
ITG3200.cpp \
matrix.cpp \
output.cpp \
timing.cpp \
vector.cpp
CXX_OBJ = $(CXX_SRCS:.cpp=.o)
CXX_HDRS = ADXL345.h \
ApplicationRoutines.h \
DCM.h \
declarations.h \
HMC5883L.h \
ITG3200.h \
matrix.h \
output.h \
timing.h \
vector.h
CORE_DIR = libarduinocore
CORE_CXX_SRCS = $(CORE_DIR)/HardwareSerial.cpp \
$(CORE_DIR)/Print.cpp \
$(CORE_DIR)/Tone.cpp \
$(CORE_DIR)/WMath.cpp \
$(CORE_DIR)/WString.cpp
CORE_CXX_OBJ = $(CORE_CXX_SRCS:.cpp=.o)
CORE_CC_SRCS = $(CORE_DIR)/pins_arduino.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/WInterrupts.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_analog.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_digital.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_pulse.c \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_shift.c
CORE_CC_OBJ = $(CORE_CC_SRCS:.c=.o)
CORE_HDRS = $(CORE_DIR)/binary.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/HardwareSerial.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/pins_arduino.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/Print.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/Stream.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/WCharacter.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/WConstants.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/wiring_private.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/WProgram.h \
$(CORE_DIR)/WString.h
ARD_LIB_DIR = libraries
ARD_LIB_CXX_SRCS = $(ARD_LIB_DIR)/EEPROM/EEPROM.cpp \
$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/Wire/Wire.cpp \
$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/HMC58X3/HMC58X3.cpp
ARD_LIB_CC_SRCS = $(ARD_LIB_DIR)/Wire/utility/twi.c
ARD_LIB_CXX_OBJ = $(ARD_LIB_CXX_SRCS:.cpp=.o)
ARD_LIB_CC_OBJ = $(ARD_LIB_CC_SRCS:.c=.o)
CC = avr-gcc
CXX = avr-g++
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
AR = avr-ar
SIZE = avr-size
NM = avr-nm
AVRDUDE = avrdude
ARD_LIB_INC = -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR) -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/EEPROM -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/Wire -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/HMC58X3 -I$(ARD_LIB_DIR)/Wire/utility
FLAGS_WARN = -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes
FLAGS_TUNING = -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums
FLAGS_OPT = -Os
ALL_INC = -I. $(ARD_LIB_INC) -I$(CORE_DIR)
OBJS = $(CXX_OBJ) $(CORE_CXX_OBJ) $(CORE_CC_OBJ) $(ARD_LIB_CC_OBJ) $(ARD_LIB_CXX_OBJ)
ALL_OBJS := $(addprefix build/, $(notdir $(OBJS)))
ALL_CFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) $(ALL_INC) $(FLAGS_WARN) $(FLAGS_TUNNIG) $(FLAGS_OPT)
ALL_CXXFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) $(ALL_INC) -Wall $(FLAGS_TUNNIG) $(FLAGS_OPT)
#ALL_ASFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x assembler-with-cpp $(ASFLAGS)
all : $(TARGET).hex
avr-objcopy -O ihex -R .eeprom $(TARGET).out $(TARGET).hex
$(TARGET).out : $(OBJS)
$(CXX) $(ALL_CXXFLAGS) main.cpp $(ALL_OBJS) -o $(TARGET).out -lc -lm
upload : $(TARGET).hex
avrdude -c$(PROGRAMMER) -p$(MCU) -P$(PORT) -U flash:w:$(TARGET).hex
serialmon :
picocom -b$(BAUD) $(PORT)
.SUFFIXES: .hex .cpp .o .c
# Compile: create object files from C++ source files.
.cpp.o:
$(CXX) -c $(ALL_CXXFLAGS) $< -o $(addprefix build/, $(notdir $@)) -lc -lm
# Compile: create object files from C source files.
.c.o:
$(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $(addprefix build/, $(notdir $@)) -lc -lm
# Compile: create assembler files from C source files.
.c.s:
$(CC) -S $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o build/$@ -lc -lm
Explanation:
JMP or CALL (i.e. a function call), the relocated address has to be added to the JMP or CALL instruction referring to it.JMP vs. RJMP, and CALL vs. RCALL. The R variants make calls relative to the current location and are more efficient both in usage of program memory and execution time. This comes at a cost though: RJMP and RCALL can only be used for addresses in the range of +/-4kb from their location in program memory. This is never a problem on devices with no more than 8kb of program memory because the whole 8kb range can be addressed from any location via RCALL or RJMP.RJMP/RCALL there will be no problem, but if the linker fails to (re-)locate the code to be within that range, RJMP/RCALL cannot be used to reach the code's new address, the address is thus truncated (just like when doing uint16_t value = 12345; uint8_t truncatedValue = value; in C) and the generated code breaks.Solution:
JMP/CALL instructions instead of the (more efficient) RJMP/RCALL instructions. In AVR Studio/Atmel Studio this can be done in the project's properties, toolchain, AVR/GNU C compiler, optimization. The relevant option is "Use rjmp/rcall (limited range) on >8k devices (-mshort-calls)" which needs to be unchecked to prevent the named error.
As the label indicates, the relevant command line option is -mshort-calls which needs to be removed from the gcc command line parameter list to achieve the same when invoking gcc from outside of the IDE.Update:
-mshort-calls was deprecated in avr-gcc 4.7 and will be removed from 4.8. Source: GCC 4.8 Changes.-mrelax instead to generate binaries that have the call optimizations where possible but will never produce the error.
