什么是< => C ++中的运算符? [英] What is the <=> operator in C++?

问题描述

当我尝试学习 C ++ 运算符时，我偶然发现了 cppreference.com ， ^* :

While I was trying to learn about C++ operators, I stumbled upon a strange comparison operator on cppreference.com,^* in a table that looked like this:

好吧，如果它们是C ++中的常用运算符，我最好学习它们".但是我为阐明这个奥秘所做的所有尝试都没有成功.即使在这里，在Stack Overflow上我的搜索也没有运气.

"Well, if these are common operators in C++, I better learn them", I thought. But all my attempts to elucidate this mystery were unsuccessful. Even here, on Stack Overflow I had no luck in my search.

如果有的话，这个运算符的作用是什么?

And if there is, what does this operator do exactly?

_{*在此期间cppreference.com更新了该页面，现在包含有关<=> operator的信息.}

_{* In the meantime cppreference.com updated that page and now contains information about the<=>operator.}

推荐答案

在草药Sutter 关于< =>宇宙飞船"三向比较运算符的建议，作为添加到 C ++ 20 的新功能之一.在标题为一致比较萨特的论文中，Maurer和Brown演示了新设计的概念.有关提案的概述，请参见以下文章的摘录:

On 2017-11-11, the ISO C++ committee adopted Herb Sutter's proposal for the <=> "spaceship" three-way comparison operator as one of the new features that were added to C++20. In the paper titled Consistent comparison Sutter, Maurer and Brown demonstrate the concepts of the new design. For an overview of the proposal, here's an excerpt from the article:

表达式 a< => b 返回一个对象，该对象比较< 0 (如果 a< b ，如果 a> b ，则比较> 0 ，如果a和b是，则比较 == 0 相等/等效.

The expression a <=> b returns an object that compares <0 if a < b, compares >0 if a > b, and compares ==0 if a and b are equal/equivalent.

常见情况::要为类型为 X 的类型为 Y 的所有比较写成成员语义，只需编写:

Common case: To write all comparisons for your type X with type Y, with memberwise semantics, just write:

auto X::operator<=>(const Y&) =default;

高级案例:要写出类型为 X 和类型为 Y 的所有比较，只需编写 operator <=> Y 的strong> = default 以获得成员语义(如果需要)，并返回 适当的类别类型:

Advanced cases: To write all comparisons for your type X with type Y, just write operator<=> that takes a Y, can use =default to get memberwise semantics if desired, and returns the appropriate category type:

• 如果您的类型自然支持< ，则返回 _ordering ，我们将有效地生成对称的< ，> ，< = ，> = ， == 和 ！= ;否则返回 _equality ，我们将有效地生成 对称 == 和！= .
• 如果您的类型 a == b 表示 f(a)== f(b)(可替代性，其中 f 仅读取比较显着状态，即 可以使用公共 const 成员访问)，否则返回 弱_ .

• Return an _ordering if your type naturally supports <, and we’ll efficiently generate symmetric <, >, <=, >=, ==, and !=; otherwise return an _equality, and we’ll efficiently generate symmetric == and !=.
• Return strong_ if for your type a == b implies f(a) == f(b) (substitutability, where f reads only comparison-salient state that is accessible using the public const members), otherwise return weak_.

比较类别

五个比较类别定义为std::类型，每个类别具有以下预定义值:

Comparison Categories

Five comparison categories are defined as std:: types, each having the following predefined values:

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                  |          Numeric  values          | Non-numeric |
|     Category     +-----------------------------------+             |
|                  | -1   | 0          | +1            |   values    |
+------------------+------+------------+---------------+-------------+
| strong_ordering  | less | equal      | greater       |             |
| weak_ordering    | less | equivalent | greater       |             |
| partial_ordering | less | equivalent | greater       | unordered   |
| strong_equality  |      | equal      | nonequal      |             |
| weak_equality    |      | equivalent | nonequivalent |             |
+------------------+------+------------+---------------+-------------+

这些类型之间的隐式转换定义如下:

Implicit conversions between these types are defined as follows:

值为{less，equal，greater}的
• strong_ordering隐式转换为:
  • weak_ordering的值为{less，equivalent，greater}
  • partial_ordering的值为{less，equivalent，greater}
  • strong_equality的值为{unequal，equal，unequal}
  • weak_equality的值为{nonequivalent，equivalent，nonequivalent}
  • strong_ordering with values {less, equal, greater} implicitly converts to:
    • weak_ordering with values {less, equivalent, greater}
    • partial_ordering with values {less, equivalent, greater}
    • strong_equality with values {unequal, equal, unequal}
    • weak_equality with values {nonequivalent, equivalent, nonequivalent}
    • partial_ordering的值为{less，equivalent，greater}
    • weak_equality的值为{nonequivalent，equivalent，nonequivalent}
    • partial_ordering with values {less, equivalent, greater}
    • weak_equality with values {nonequivalent, equivalent, nonequivalent}
    • weak_equality的值为{nonequivalent，equivalent，nonequivalent，nonequivalent}
    • weak_equality with values {nonequivalent, equivalent, nonequivalent, nonequivalent}
    • weak_equality的值为{equivalent，nonequivalent}
    • weak_equality with values {equivalent, nonequivalent}

    <=>令牌被引入.在旧的源代码中，字符序列<=>标记为<= >.例如，c53需要添加空格以保留其含义.

    The<=>token is introduced. The character sequence<=>tokenizes to<= >, in old source code. For example,X<&Y::operator<=>needs to add a space to retain its meaning.

    可重载运算符<=>是一种三向比较函数，其优先级高于<而低于<<.它返回的类型可以与literal 0进行比较，但允许其他返回类型，例如支持表达式模板.在该语言和标准库中定义的所有<=>运算符都返回上述5种std::比较类别类型之一.

    The overloadable operator<=>is a three-way comparison function and has precedence higher than< and lower than<<. It returns a type that can be compared against literal0but other return types are allowed such as to support expression templates. All<=>operators defined in the language and in the standard library return one of the 5 aforementionedstd::comparison category types.

    对于语言类型，提供了以下内置的<=>相同类型的比较.除非另有说明，否则均为 constexpr .这些比较不能使用标量提升/转换来异构调用.

    For language types, the following built-in<=>same-type comparisons are provided. All are constexpr, except where noted otherwise. These comparisons cannot be invoked heterogeneously using scalar promotions/conversions.

    • 对于bool，整数和指针类型，<=>返回strong_ordering.
    • 对于指针类型，允许使用不同的cv限定词和派生基转换来调用同构的内置<=>，并且内置异构的operator<=>(T*, nullptr_t).只有指向相同对象/分配的指针的比较才是常量表达式.
    • 对于基本浮点类型，<=>返回partial_ordering，并且可以通过将参数扩展为更大的浮点类型来异构调用.
    • 对于枚举，<=>返回的值与枚举的基础类型的<=>相同.
    • 对于nullptr_t，<=>返回strong_ordering，并且始终产生equal.
    • 对于可复制数组，T[N] <=> T[N]返回与T的<=>相同的类型，并按字典顺序进行逐元素比较.其他数组没有<=>.
    • 对于void没有<=>.
    • Forbool, integral, and pointer types,<=>returnsstrong_ordering.
    • For pointer types, the different cv-qualifications and derived-to-base conversions are allowed to invoke a homogeneous built-in<=>, and there are built-in heterogeneousoperator<=>(T*, nullptr_t). Only comparisons of pointers to the same object/allocation are constant expressions.
    • For fundamental floating point types,<=> returnspartial_ordering, and can be invoked heterogeneously by widening arguments to a larger floating point type.
    • For enumerations,<=> returns the same as the enumeration's underlying type's<=>.
    • Fornullptr_t,<=> returnsstrong_orderingand always yieldsequal.
    • For copyable arrays,T[N] <=> T[N]returns the same type asT's<=>and performs lexicographical elementwise comparison. There is no<=>for other arrays.
    • Forvoidthere is no<=>.

    _{为更好地了解此操作符的内部工作原理，请阅读原始内容}

    _{To better understand the inner workings of this operator, please read the original paper. This is just what I've found out using search engines.}

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