pip/python:正常的站点包不可写 [英] pip/python: normal site-packages is not writeable

问题描述

我有一台新的Macbook-一个用户安装了它，然后我安装了一个新用户(我的)，授予管理员权限并删除了旧的Macbook.我在OS Catalina上.

I have a new Macbook - a user installed it, and then I installed a new user (mine), granted admin privileges and deleted the old one. I am on OS Catalina.

自安装以来，我一直遇到一些权限问题. VSCode找不到Jupyter Notebook，pip在~/Library/Python/3.7/site-packages处安装软件包.

Since the installation I've been having several permission problems. VSCode can't find Jupyter Notebook, pip installs packages at ~/Library/Python/3.7/site-packages.

当我执行which python3时，我得到usr/bin/python3. 当我执行pip3 install <package>时，我得到:Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable然后它说它已经安装了，即使我执行import <package>时无法访问它.

When I do which python3 I get usr/bin/python3. When I do pip3 install <package> I get: Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable And then it says it has already been installed, even though I can't access it when I do import <package>.

很明显这是一个权限问题，pip无法安装到基本" python，并且它们python找不到我已安装到~/Library/Python/3.7/site-packages的内容.

It's seems clear that this is a permission problem, pip can't install to the "base" python, and them python can't find what I've installed into ~/Library/Python/3.7/site-packages.

我尝试重新安装操作系统，但是由于我没有进行全新安装，因此它没有任何改变. 我想念什么? 我到底该如何修复权限?我在哪里想要软件包安装(肯定是venv，但是有些软件包是我想要的全局软件包(例如jupyter).

I've tried reinstalling the OS, but since I haven't done a clean install, it didn't change anything. What am I missing? How exactly can I fix permissions? Where do I want packages to be installed (venv sure, but some packages I want global (like jupyter).

谢谢

推荐答案

最好不要直接使用系统提供的Python.就像您所经历的那样，因为操作系统可以以不希望的方式更改它，所以不要管它.

It's best to not use the system-provided Python directly. Leave that one alone since the OS can change it in undesired ways, as you experienced.

最佳实践是使用virtualenv(对于Python 2)或venv(对于Python 3)来配置自己的Python版本并在每个项目的基础上进行管理.这样可以消除对系统提供的Python版本的所有依赖，并且可以将每个项目与计算机上的其他项目隔离开来.

The best practice is to configure your own Python version(s) and manage them on a per-project basis using virtualenv (for Python 2) or venv (for Python 3). This eliminates all dependency on the system-provided Python version, and also isolates each project from other projects on the machine.

如果需要，每个项目可以具有不同的Python point版本，并具有其自己的site_packages目录，因此pip安装的库也可以根据项目具有不同的版本.这种方法是一个主要的问题回避者.

Each project can have a different Python point version if needed, and gets its own site_packages directory so pip-installed libraries can also have different versions by project. This approach is a major problem-avoider.

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