scale.default 错误:'center' 的长度必须等于 'x' 的列数 [英] Error in scale.default: length of 'center' must equal the number of columns of 'x'
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问题描述
我正在使用 mboost 包来做一些分类.这是代码
I am using mboost package to do some classification. Here is the code
library('mboost')
load('so-data.rdata')
model <- glmboost(is_exciting~., data=training, family=Binomial())
pred <- predict(model, newdata=test, type="response")
但是 R 在做预测时会抱怨
But R complains when doing prediction that
Error in scale.default(X, center = cm, scale = FALSE) :
length of 'center' must equal the number of columns of 'x'
数据(training 和 test)可以在这里下载 (7z, zip).错误的原因是什么以及如何摆脱它?谢谢.
The data (training and test) can be downloaded here (7z, zip).
What is the reason of the error and how to get rid of it? Thank you.
更新:
> str(training)
'data.frame': 439599 obs. of 24 variables:
$ is_exciting : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ school_state : Factor w/ 52 levels "AK","AL","AR",..: 15 5 5 23 47 5 44 42 42 5 ...
$ school_charter : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ school_magnet : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ school_year_round : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 ...
$ school_nlns : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ school_charter_ready_promise : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ teacher_prefix : Factor w/ 6 levels "","Dr.","Mr.",..: 5 5 3 5 6 5 6 6 5 6 ...
$ teacher_teach_for_america : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 ...
$ teacher_ny_teaching_fellow : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ primary_focus_subject : Factor w/ 28 levels "","Applied Sciences",..: 19 17 18 18 10 4 17 17 18 17 ...
$ primary_focus_area : Factor w/ 8 levels "","Applied Learning",..: 6 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 ...
$ secondary_focus_subject : Factor w/ 28 levels "","Applied Sciences",..: 28 18 17 19 26 18 18 28 24 25 ...
$ secondary_focus_area : Factor w/ 8 levels "","Applied Learning",..: 7 5 5 6 8 5 5 7 7 4 ...
$ resource_type : Factor w/ 7 levels "","Books","Other",..: 4 4 2 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 ...
$ poverty_level : Factor w/ 4 levels "high poverty",..: 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 ...
$ grade_level : Factor w/ 5 levels "","Grades 3-5",..: 5 5 2 5 5 2 3 2 4 2 ...
$ fulfillment_labor_materials : num 30 35 35 30 30 35 30 35 35 35 ...
$ total_price_excluding_optional_support: num 1274 477 892 548 385 ...
$ total_price_including_optional_support: num 1499 562 1050 645 453 ...
$ students_reached : int 31 20 250 36 19 28 90 21 60 56 ...
$ eligible_double_your_impact_match : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 ...
$ eligible_almost_home_match : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 ...
$ essay_length : int 236 285 194 351 383 273 385 437 476 159 ...
> str(test)
'data.frame': 44772 obs. of 23 variables:
$ school_state : Factor w/ 51 levels "AK","AL","AR",..: 22 35 11 46 5 35 11 28 28 10 ...
$ school_charter : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ school_magnet : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ school_year_round : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ school_nlns : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ school_charter_ready_promise : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ teacher_prefix : Factor w/ 6 levels "","Dr.","Mr.",..: 3 5 6 6 3 5 5 5 3 5 ...
$ teacher_teach_for_america : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ teacher_ny_teaching_fellow : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ primary_focus_subject : Factor w/ 28 levels "","Applied Sciences",..: 5 16 17 17 18 11 16 17 2 17 ...
$ primary_focus_area : Factor w/ 8 levels "","Applied Learning",..: 2 4 5 5 5 2 4 5 6 5 ...
$ secondary_focus_subject : Factor w/ 28 levels "","Applied Sciences",..: 25 1 19 1 17 9 17 11 1 1 ...
$ secondary_focus_area : Factor w/ 8 levels "","Applied Learning",..: 4 1 6 1 5 6 5 2 1 1 ...
$ resource_type : Factor w/ 7 levels "","Books","Other",..: 5 5 5 2 5 6 4 5 5 4 ...
$ poverty_level : Factor w/ 4 levels "high poverty",..: 1 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 1 2 ...
$ grade_level : Factor w/ 5 levels "","Grades 3-5",..: 4 3 3 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 ...
$ fulfillment_labor_materials : num 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 ...
$ total_price_excluding_optional_support: num 2185 149 1017 156 860 ...
$ total_price_including_optional_support: num 2571 175 1197 183 1012 ...
$ students_reached : int 200 110 10 22 180 51 30 15 260 20 ...
$ eligible_double_your_impact_match : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ eligible_almost_home_match : Factor w/ 2 levels "f","t": 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 ...
$ essay_length : int 221 137 313 243 373 344 304 431 231 173 ...
> summary(model)
Generalized Linear Models Fitted via Gradient Boosting
Call:
glmboost.formula(formula = is_exciting ~ ., data = training, family = Binomial())
Negative Binomial Likelihood
Loss function: {
f <- pmin(abs(f), 36) * sign(f)
p <- exp(f)/(exp(f) + exp(-f))
y <- (y + 1)/2
-y * log(p) - (1 - y) * log(1 - p)
}
Number of boosting iterations: mstop = 100
Step size: 0.1
Offset: -1.197806
Coefficients:
NOTE: Coefficients from a Binomial model are half the size of coefficients
from a model fitted via glm(... , family = 'binomial').
See Warning section in ?coef.mboost
(Intercept) school_stateDC
-0.5250166130 0.0426909965
school_stateIL school_chartert
0.0084191638 0.0729272310
teacher_prefixMrs. teacher_prefixMs.
-0.0181489492 0.0438425925
teacher_teach_for_americat resource_typeBooks
0.2593005345 0.0046126706
resource_typeTechnology fulfillment_labor_materials
-0.0313904871 0.0120086140
eligible_double_your_impact_matcht eligible_almost_home_matcht
-0.0316376431 -0.0522717398
essay_length
0.0004993224
attr(,"offset")
[1] -1.197806
Selection frequencies:
fulfillment_labor_materials teacher_teach_for_americat
0.24 0.15
essay_length school_chartert
0.15 0.09
teacher_prefixMs. resource_typeTechnology
0.08 0.07
eligible_double_your_impact_matcht eligible_almost_home_matcht
0.07 0.07
teacher_prefixMrs. school_stateDC
0.04 0.02
school_stateIL resource_typeBooks
0.01 0.01
我也试过 glm 但它说
Error in model.frame.default(Terms, newdata, na.action = na.action, xlev = object$xlevels) :
factor teacher_prefix has new levels
但我在 teacher_prefix 变量中没有看到任何新级别:
But I don't see any new levels in the teacher_prefix variable:
> levels(training$teacher_prefix)
[1] "" "Dr." "Mr." "Mr. & Mrs." "Mrs." "Ms."
> levels(test$teacher_prefix)
[1] "" "Dr." "Mr." "Mr. & Mrs." "Mrs." "Ms."
推荐答案
其实glmboost和glm的问题是相关的.您的 teacher_prefix 变量存在问题.
Actually, the problems with glmboost and glm are related. There are problems with your teacher_prefix variable.
正如 glm 示例所指出的，test 中的某些级别不在 training 中(有点).虽然这两个因素具有相同的 levels()，但训练集没有观察到 teacher_prefix=="" 但测试有.比较
As the glm example points out, there are levels that are in test that are not in training (kind of). While both factors have the same levels(), the training set has no observations where teacher_prefix=="" but test does. Compare
table(test$teacher_prefix)
table(training$teacher_prefix)
所以 glm 实际上给出了更准确、更有用的错误信息.glmboost 的问题是一样的，尽管它没有直接说出来.
So glm is actually giving the more accurate, helpful error message. The problem is the same with glmboost although it isn't as direct about saying it.
这样做似乎修复"了它
test2 <- subset(test, teacher_prefix %in% c("Dr.","Mr.","Mrs.","Ms."))
test2$teacher_prefix <- droplevels(test2$teacher_prefix)
pred <- predict(model, newdata=test2, type="response")
我们只是去掉未使用的级别，然后进行标准预测.
We just get rid of the unused levels and then do the standard prediction.
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