Stream是Java 8中引入的新抽象层.使用stream，您可以以类似于SQL语句的声明方式处理数据.例如，请考虑以下SQL语句.
SELECT max(salary), employee_id, employee_name FROM Employee
上述SQL表达式自动返回最大受薪员工的详细信息，而无需在开发人员端进行任何计算.在Java中使用集合框架，开发人员必须使用循环并进行重复检查.另一个问题是效率;由于多核处理器易于使用，Java开发人员必须编写可能非常容易出错的并行代码处理.
为解决此类问题，Java 8引入了流的概念它允许开发人员以声明方式处理数据并利用多核架构，而无需为其编写任何特定代码.
Stream表示来自源的对象序列，它支持聚合操作.以下是Stream&minus的特征;
元素序列 : 流以顺序方式提供特定类型的一组元素.流按需获取/计算元素.它从不存储元素.
来源 : Stream将集合，数组或I/O资源作为输入源.
聚合操作 : Stream支持聚合操作，如过滤，映射，限制，缩小，查找，匹配等.
流水线 : 大多数流操作都返回流本身，以便可以对其结果进行流水线操作.这些操作称为中间操作，它们的功能是获取输入，处理它们并将输出返回到目标. collect()方法是一个终端操作，通常出现在流水线操作的末尾以标记流的结束.
自动迭代 : 与需要显式迭代的集合相比，流操作在内部对所提供的源元素进行迭代.
使用Java 8，Collection接口有两种生成Stream的方法.
stream() : 以集合为源，返回顺序流.
parallelStream() : 返回并行Stream，将集合作为其源.
List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());Stream提供了一种新方法'forEach'来迭代流的每个元素.以下代码段显示了如何使用forEach打印10个随机数.
Random random = new Random(); random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);
'map'方法用于将每个元素映射到其对应的结果.以下代码段使用map打印唯一的数字方块.
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5); //get list of unique squares List<Integer> squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i -> i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
'filter'方法用于根据条件消除元素.以下代码段使用过滤器打印空字符串计数.
List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
//get count of empty string
int count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();'limit'方法用于减小流的大小.以下代码段显示了如何使用limit打印10个随机数.
Random random = new Random(); random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);
'sorted'方法用于对流进行排序.以下代码段显示了如何按排序顺序打印10个随机数.
Random random = new Random(); random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
parallelStream是并行处理流的替代方案.看一下使用parallelStream打印空字符串计数的以下代码段.
List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
//get count of empty string
long count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();在顺序和并行流之间切换非常容易.
收集器用于组合流的元素的处理结果.收集器可用于返回列表或字符串.
List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
String mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);使用Java 8时，会引入统计信息收集器来计算流处理时的所有统计信息./p>
List numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);
IntSummaryStatistics stats = numbers.stream().mapToInt((x) -> x).summaryStatistics();
System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());
System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());使用您选择的任何编辑器创建以下Java程序，例如C:\ > JAVA.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.IntSummaryStatistics;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.Map;
public class Java8Tester {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Using Java 7: ");
// Count empty strings
List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
System.out.println("List: " +strings);
long count = getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(strings);
System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
count = getCountLength3UsingJava7(strings);
System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);
//Eliminate empty string
List<String> filtered = deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(strings);
System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
//Eliminate empty string and join using comma.
String mergedString = getMergedStringUsingJava7(strings,", ");
System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);
//get list of square of distinct numbers
List<Integer> squaresList = getSquares(numbers);
System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
List<Integer> integers = Arrays.asList(1,2,13,4,15,6,17,8,19);
System.out.println("List: " +integers);
System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + getMax(integers));
System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + getMin(integers));
System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + getSum(integers));
System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + getAverage(integers));
System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");
//print ten random numbers
Random random = new Random();
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(random.nextInt());
}
System.out.println("Using Java 8: ");
System.out.println("List: " +strings);
count = strings.stream().filter(string->string.isEmpty()).count();
System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.length() == 3).count();
System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);
filtered = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i ->i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
System.out.println("List: " +integers);
IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) ->x).summaryStatistics();
System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());
System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());
System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");
random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
//parallel processing
count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();
System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
}
private static int getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
int count = 0;
for(String string: strings) {
if(string.isEmpty()) {
count++;
}
}
return count;
}
private static int getCountLength3UsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
int count = 0;
for(String string: strings) {
if(string.length() == 3) {
count++;
}
}
return count;
}
private static List<String> deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
List<String> filteredList = new ArrayList<String>();
for(String string: strings) {
if(!string.isEmpty()) {
filteredList.add(string);
}
}
return filteredList;
}
private static String getMergedStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings, String separator) {
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
for(String string: strings) {
if(!string.isEmpty()) {
stringBuilder.append(string);
stringBuilder.append(separator);
}
}
String mergedString = stringBuilder.toString();
return mergedString.substring(0, mergedString.length()-2);
}
private static List<Integer> getSquares(List<Integer> numbers) {
List<Integer> squaresList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
for(Integer number: numbers) {
Integer square = new Integer(number.intValue() * number.intValue());
if(!squaresList.contains(square)) {
squaresList.add(square);
}
}
return squaresList;
}
private static int getMax(List<Integer> numbers) {
int max = numbers.get(0);
for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
Integer number = numbers.get(i);
if(number.intValue() > max) {
max = number.intValue();
}
}
return max;
}
private static int getMin(List<Integer> numbers) {
int min = numbers.get(0);
for(int i= 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
Integer number = numbers.get(i);
if(number.intValue() < min) {
min = number.intValue();
}
}
return min;
}
private static int getSum(List numbers) {
int sum = (int)(numbers.get(0));
for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
sum += (int)numbers.get(i);
}
return sum;
}
private static int getAverage(List<Integer> numbers) {
return getSum(numbers) / numbers.size();
}
}使用 javac编译班级编译如下 :
C:\JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java
现在运行Java8Tester如下 :
C:\JAVA>java Java8Tester
它应该产生以下结果 :
Using Java 7: List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl] Empty Strings: 2 Strings of length 3: 3 Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl] Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25] List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19] Highest number in List : 19 Lowest number in List : 1 Sum of all numbers : 85 Average of all numbers : 9 Random Numbers: -1279735475 903418352 -1133928044 -1571118911 628530462 18407523 -881538250 -718932165 270259229 421676854 Using Java 8: List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl] Empty Strings: 2 Strings of length 3: 3 Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl] Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25] List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19] Highest number in List : 19 Lowest number in List : 1 Sum of all numbers : 85 Average of all numbers : 9.444444444444445 Random Numbers: -1009474951 -551240647 -2484714 181614550 933444268 1227850416 1579250773 1627454872 1683033687 1798939493 Empty Strings: 2
