为什么泡菜比np.save花费更长的时间? [英] Why does pickle take so much longer than np.save?
问题描述
我要保存一个dict或数组.
我同时尝试了np.save和pickle，发现前者总是花费更少的时间.
I try both with np.save and with pickle and see that the former always take much less time.
我的实际数据要大得多，但在这里我只展示一小段用于演示目的:
My actual data is much bigger but I just present a small piece here for demonstration purposes:
import numpy as np
#import numpy.array as array
import time
import pickle
b = {0: [np.array([0, 0, 0, 0])], 1: [np.array([1, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]), np.array([0, 0, 1, 0]), np.array([0, 0, 0, 1]), np.array([-1, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([ 0, -1, 0, 0]), np.array([ 0, 0, -1, 0]), np.array([ 0, 0, 0, -1])], 2: [np.array([2, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([1, 1, 0, 0]), np.array([1, 0, 1, 0]), np.array([1, 0, 0, 1]), np.array([ 1, -1, 0, 0]), np.array([ 1, 0, -1, 0]), np.array([ 1, 0, 0, -1])], 3: [np.array([1, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]), np.array([0, 0, 1, 0]), np.array([0, 0, 0, 1]), np.array([-1, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([ 0, -1, 0, 0]), np.array([ 0, 0, -1, 0]), np.array([ 0, 0, 0, -1])], 4: [np.array([2, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([1, 1, 0, 0]), np.array([1, 0, 1, 0]), np.array([1, 0, 0, 1]), np.array([ 1, -1, 0, 0]), np.array([ 1, 0, -1, 0]), np.array([ 1, 0, 0, -1])], 5: [np.array([0, 0, 0, 0])], 6: [np.array([1, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]), np.array([0, 0, 1, 0]), np.array([0, 0, 0, 1]), np.array([-1, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([ 0, -1, 0, 0]), np.array([ 0, 0, -1, 0]), np.array([ 0, 0, 0, -1])], 2: [np.array([2, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([1, 1, 0, 0]), np.array([1, 0, 1, 0]), np.array([1, 0, 0, 1]), np.array([ 1, -1, 0, 0]), np.array([ 1, 0, -1, 0]), np.array([ 1, 0, 0, -1])], 7: [np.array([1, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]), np.array([0, 0, 1, 0]), np.array([0, 0, 0, 1]), np.array([-1, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([ 0, -1, 0, 0]), np.array([ 0, 0, -1, 0]), np.array([ 0, 0, 0, -1])], 8: [np.array([2, 0, 0, 0]), np.array([1, 1, 0, 0]), np.array([1, 0, 1, 0]), np.array([1, 0, 0, 1]), np.array([ 1, -1, 0, 0]), np.array([ 1, 0, -1, 0]), np.array([ 1, 0, 0, -1])]}
start_time = time.time()
with open('testpickle', 'wb') as myfile:
pickle.dump(b, myfile)
print("--- Time to save with pickle: %s milliseconds ---" % (1000*time.time() - 1000*start_time))
start_time = time.time()
np.save('numpy', b)
print("--- Time to save with numpy: %s milliseconds ---" % (1000*time.time() - 1000*start_time))
start_time = time.time()
with open('testpickle', 'rb') as myfile:
g1 = pickle.load(myfile)
print("--- Time to load with pickle: %s milliseconds ---" % (1000*time.time() - 1000*start_time))
start_time = time.time()
g2 = np.load('numpy.npy')
print("--- Time to load with numpy: %s milliseconds ---" % (1000*time.time() - 1000*start_time))
给出输出:
--- Time to save with pickle: 4.0 milliseconds ---
--- Time to save with numpy: 1.0 milliseconds ---
--- Time to load with pickle: 2.0 milliseconds ---
--- Time to load with numpy: 1.0 milliseconds ---
与我的实际大小(字典中的100,000个键)相比，时差更加明显.
The time difference is even more pronounced with my actual size (~100,000 keys in the dict).
为什么在保存和加载时，泡菜要比np.save花费更长的时间?
Why does pickle take longer than np.save, both for saving and for loading?
我什么时候应该使用pickle?
推荐答案
因为只要书面对象不包含Python数据，
Because as long as the written object contains no Python data,
- numpy对象在内存中的表示方式比Python对象简单得多
- numpy.save用C语言编写
- numpy.save以需要进行最少处理的超简单格式写入
同时
- Python对象有很多开销
- pickle用Python编写
- pickle将数据从内存中的基本表示转换为要写入磁盘的字节
请注意，如果一个numpy数组确实包含Python对象，那么numpy只会腌制该数组，所有的胜利都将出局.
Note that if a numpy array does contain Python objects, then numpy just pickles the array, and all the win goes out the window.
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