在 3d 中绘制隐式方程 [英] Plotting implicit equations in 3d

问题描述

我想在 3D 中绘制隐式方程 F(x,y,z) = 0.在 Matplotlib 中可以吗?

I'd like to plot implicit equation F(x,y,z) = 0 in 3D. Is it possible in Matplotlib?

推荐答案

您可以欺骗 matplotlib 以在 3D 中绘制隐式方程.只需为所需范围内的每个 z 值绘制方程的单级等值线图.您也可以沿 y 轴和 z 轴重复该过程，以获得更立体的形状.

You can trick matplotlib into plotting implicit equations in 3D. Just make a one-level contour plot of the equation for each z value within the desired limits. You can repeat the process along the y and z axes as well for a more solid-looking shape.

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

def plot_implicit(fn, bbox=(-2.5,2.5)):
    ''' create a plot of an implicit function
    fn  ...implicit function (plot where fn==0)
    bbox ..the x,y,and z limits of plotted interval'''
    xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, zmin, zmax = bbox*3
    fig = plt.figure()
    ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
    A = np.linspace(xmin, xmax, 100) # resolution of the contour
    B = np.linspace(xmin, xmax, 15) # number of slices
    A1,A2 = np.meshgrid(A,A) # grid on which the contour is plotted

    for z in B: # plot contours in the XY plane
        X,Y = A1,A2
        Z = fn(X,Y,z)
        cset = ax.contour(X, Y, Z+z, [z], zdir='z')
        # [z] defines the only level to plot for this contour for this value of z

    for y in B: # plot contours in the XZ plane
        X,Z = A1,A2
        Y = fn(X,y,Z)
        cset = ax.contour(X, Y+y, Z, [y], zdir='y')

    for x in B: # plot contours in the YZ plane
        Y,Z = A1,A2
        X = fn(x,Y,Z)
        cset = ax.contour(X+x, Y, Z, [x], zdir='x')

    # must set plot limits because the contour will likely extend
    # way beyond the displayed level.  Otherwise matplotlib extends the plot limits
    # to encompass all values in the contour.
    ax.set_zlim3d(zmin,zmax)
    ax.set_xlim3d(xmin,xmax)
    ax.set_ylim3d(ymin,ymax)

    plt.show()

这是 Goursat Tangle 的情节:

Here's the plot of the Goursat Tangle:

def goursat_tangle(x,y,z):
    a,b,c = 0.0,-5.0,11.8
    return x**4+y**4+z**4+a*(x**2+y**2+z**2)**2+b*(x**2+y**2+z**2)+c

plot_implicit(goursat_tangle)

您可以通过添加具有创意色彩映射的深度提示来更轻松地进行可视化:

You can make it easier to visualize by adding depth cues with creative colormapping:

OP 的情节如下:

def hyp_part1(x,y,z):
    return -(x**2) - (y**2) + (z**2) - 1

plot_implicit(hyp_part1, bbox=(-100.,100.))

奖励:您可以使用 python 在功能上组合这些隐式函数:

Bonus: You can use python to functionally combine these implicit functions:

def sphere(x,y,z):
    return x**2 + y**2 + z**2 - 2.0**2

def translate(fn,x,y,z):
    return lambda a,b,c: fn(x-a,y-b,z-c)

def union(*fns):
    return lambda x,y,z: np.min(
        [fn(x,y,z) for fn in fns], 0)

def intersect(*fns):
    return lambda x,y,z: np.max(
        [fn(x,y,z) for fn in fns], 0)

def subtract(fn1, fn2):
    return intersect(fn1, lambda *args:-fn2(*args))

plot_implicit(union(sphere,translate(sphere, 1.,1.,1.)), (-2.,3.))

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