初始化对象时丢弃放置新返回值是否可以 [英] Is it OK to discard placement new return value when initializing objects

问题描述

这个问题来自 this 线程的评论部分，并且在那里也得到了答案.但是，我认为只留在评论部分太重要了.所以我为它做了这个问答.

This question originates from the comment section in this thread, and has also got an answer there. However, I think it is too important to be left in the comment section only. So I made this Q&A for it.

Placement new 可用于在分配的存储中初始化对象，例如，

Placement new can be used to initialize objects at allocated storage, e.g.,

using vec_t = std::vector<int>;
auto p = (vec_t*)operator new(sizeof(vec_t));
new(p) vec_t{1, 2, 3}; // initialize a vec_t at p

根据cppref，

新展示位置

如果提供了placement_params，它们将作为附加参数传递给分配函数.这种分配函数被称为placement new"，在标准分配函数 void* operator new(std::size_t, void*) 之后，简单地返回其第二个参数不变.这用于在分配的存储中构造对象 [...]

If placement_params are provided, they are passed to the allocation function as additional arguments. Such allocation functions are known as "placement new", after the standard allocation function void* operator new(std::size_t, void*), which simply returns its second argument unchanged. This is used to construct objects in allocated storage [...]

这意味着 new(p) vec_t{1, 2, 3} 只返回 p，而 p = new(p) vec_t{1, 2, 3} 看起来是多余的.忽略返回值真的可以吗?

That means new(p) vec_t{1, 2, 3} simply returns p, and p = new(p) vec_t{1, 2, 3} looks redundant. Is it really OK to ignore the return value?

推荐答案

不管是学究式还是实际操作，忽略返回值都是不行的.

Ignoring the return value is not OK both pedantically and practically.

从迂腐的角度来看

对于 p = new(p) T{...}，p 限定为指向由 new 表达式创建的对象的指针，它不包含对于 new(p) T{...}，尽管值相同.在后一种情况下，它只能作为指向已分配存储的指针.

For p = new(p) T{...}, p qualifies as a pointer to an object created by a new-expression, which does not hold for new(p) T{...}, despite the fact that the value is the same. In the latter case, it only qualifies as pointer to an allocated storage.

非分配全局分配函数返回它的参数，没有暗示任何副作用，但是一个 new 表达式(无论是否放置)总是返回一个指向它创建的对象的指针，即使它碰巧使用了那个分配函数.

The non-allocating global allocation function returns its argument with no side effect implied, but a new-expression (placement or not) always returns a pointer to the object it creates, even if it happens to use that allocation function.

根据 cppref 关于 delete-expression 的描述(强调我的):

Per cppref's description about the delete-expression (emphasis mine):

对于第一种(非数组)形式，表达式必须是指向对象类型的指针，或者是上下文隐式可转换为此类指针的类类型，其值必须是null 或指向由 new 表达式创建的非数组对象的指针，或指向由 new 表达式创建的非数组对象的基本子对象的指针. 如果 表达式 是其他任何东西，包括如果它是通过new-expression 的数组形式获得的指针，则行为未定义.

For the first (non-array) form, expression must be a pointer to a object type or a class type contextually implicitly convertible to such pointer, and its value must be either null or pointer to a non-array object created by a new-expression, or a pointer to a base subobject of a non-array object created by a new-expression. If expression is anything else, including if it is a pointer obtained by the array form of new-expression, the behavior is undefined.

未能 p = new(p) T{...} 因此导致 delete p 未定义的行为.

Failing to p = new(p) T{...} therefore makes delete p undefined behavior.

从实用的角度来看

从技术上讲，如果没有 p = new(p) T{...}，p 不会指向新初始化的 T，尽管值(内存地址)是相同的.因此，编译器可能会假设 p 仍然引用在放置 new 之前存在的 T.考虑代码

Technically, without p = new(p) T{...}, p does not point to the newly-initialized T, despite the fact that the value (memory address) is the same. The compiler may therefore assume that p still refers to the T that was there before the placement new. Consider the code

p = new(p) T{...} // (1)
...
new(p) T{...} // (2)

即使在 (2) 之后，编译器可能会假设 p 仍然引用在 (1) 处初始化的旧值，并生成从而导致不正确的优化.例如，如果 T 有一个 const 成员，编译器可能会将其值缓存在 (1) 并在 (2) 之后仍然使用它.

Even after (2), the compiler may assume that p still refers to the old value initialized at (1), and make incorrect optimizations thereby. For example, if T had a const member, the compiler might cache its value at (1) and still use it even after (2).

p = new(p) T{...} 有效地禁止了这种假设.另一种方法是使用 std::launder()，但是将placement new的返回值分配回p会更容易和更简洁.

p = new(p) T{...} effectively prohibits this assumption. Another way is to use std::launder(), but it is easier and cleaner to just assign the return value of placement new back to p.

你可以做些什么来避免这个陷阱

template <typename T, typename... Us>
void init(T*& p, Us&&... us) {
  p = new(p) T(std::forward<Us>(us)...);
}

template <typename T, typename... Us>
void list_init(T*& p, Us&&... us) {
  p = new(p) T{std::forward<Us>(us)...};
}

这些函数模板总是在内部设置指针.std::is_aggregate 自 C++ 起可用在 17 中，可以通过根据 T 是否为聚合类型自动在 () 和 {} 语法之间进行选择来改进解决方案.

These function templates always set the pointer internally. With std::is_aggregate available since C++17, the solution can be improved by automatically choosing between () and {} syntax based on whether T is an aggregate type.

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